{"title":"The joint impact of greenspace and air pollution on mortality: a nationwide study in Finland.","authors":"Matti Koivuranta, Marko Korhonen, Ina Rissanen","doi":"10.1093/ije/dyaf124","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Greenspace has been linked to reduced mortality while air pollution has been associated with increased mortality. We examined whether the joint association of greenspace and air pollution on mortality varies across ages, sexes, educational levels, urban and rural environments, and differential levels of both exposures in a nationwide population of Finland.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study utilized routinely collected individual-level register data from Statistics Finland encompassing all citizens aged 30 years or older in 2000 (N = 3 003 519), followed until 2019. Greenspace was measured using the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and air pollution by the concentration of fine particulate matter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5). Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess linear and non-linear associations between EVI, PM2.5, and mortality. Age was modeled flexibly with a natural cubic spline with four knots. Analyses were stratified by sex, educational level, and urbanicity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both EVI and PM2.5 were independently associated with mortality (EVI: HR 0.99; 95% CI: 0.98-0.99 per IQR; PM2.5: HR 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.03), with evidence of an interaction between the two (EVI × PM2.5: HR 0.99; 95% CI: 0.99-0.99). The joint association varied across age, sex, education, urbanicity, and the level of both exposures. PM2.5 was primarily linearly associated with increased mortality, accounting for EVI. In contrast, the relationship between EVI and mortality was less linear and more variable.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Expanding greenspace may be most beneficial in areas where it is limited and where air pollution levels are high.</p>","PeriodicalId":14147,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiology","volume":"54 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International journal of epidemiology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaf124","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Greenspace has been linked to reduced mortality while air pollution has been associated with increased mortality. We examined whether the joint association of greenspace and air pollution on mortality varies across ages, sexes, educational levels, urban and rural environments, and differential levels of both exposures in a nationwide population of Finland.
Methods: This study utilized routinely collected individual-level register data from Statistics Finland encompassing all citizens aged 30 years or older in 2000 (N = 3 003 519), followed until 2019. Greenspace was measured using the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and air pollution by the concentration of fine particulate matter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5). Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess linear and non-linear associations between EVI, PM2.5, and mortality. Age was modeled flexibly with a natural cubic spline with four knots. Analyses were stratified by sex, educational level, and urbanicity.
Results: Both EVI and PM2.5 were independently associated with mortality (EVI: HR 0.99; 95% CI: 0.98-0.99 per IQR; PM2.5: HR 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.03), with evidence of an interaction between the two (EVI × PM2.5: HR 0.99; 95% CI: 0.99-0.99). The joint association varied across age, sex, education, urbanicity, and the level of both exposures. PM2.5 was primarily linearly associated with increased mortality, accounting for EVI. In contrast, the relationship between EVI and mortality was less linear and more variable.
Conclusions: Expanding greenspace may be most beneficial in areas where it is limited and where air pollution levels are high.
期刊介绍:
The International Journal of Epidemiology is a vital resource for individuals seeking to stay updated on the latest advancements and emerging trends in the field of epidemiology worldwide.
The journal fosters communication among researchers, educators, and practitioners involved in the study, teaching, and application of epidemiology pertaining to both communicable and non-communicable diseases. It also includes research on health services and medical care.
Furthermore, the journal presents new methodologies in epidemiology and statistics, catering to professionals working in social and preventive medicine. Published six times a year, the International Journal of Epidemiology provides a comprehensive platform for the analysis of data.
Overall, this journal is an indispensable tool for staying informed and connected within the dynamic realm of epidemiology.