Indirect associations between adolescent ADHD and/or oppositional defiant disorder symptoms and adult incomes: the mediating roles of education and co-occurring psychiatric disorders.

IF 4.9 2区 医学 Q1 PEDIATRICS
Sampo Seppä, Sanna Huikari, Marko Korhonen, Tanja Nordström, Tuula Hurtig, Anu-Helmi Halt
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Abstract

This longitudinal, population-based cohort study examines the direct and indirect associations between adolescent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and/or Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) symptoms and adult incomes. Moving beyond a simple direct link, our model explores how ADHD and/or ODD symptoms indirectly affect the accumulation of human, social, and health capital, which in turn may affect productivity and income. The population was drawn from members of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986) who had ADHD and ODD symptoms assessed at age 16 using the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behaviours (SWAN) scale. The results indicate a significant indirect negative effect of adolescent ADHD and ADHD + ODD symptoms on adult incomes. This effect was most pronounced in males with ADHD + ODD, who experienced a 25% income reduction via human capital (education) and an 18% reduction via health capital (presence of psychiatric disorders other than ADHD or ODD). Social capital did not mediate the association. The model was adjusted for work experience, white-collar status, marital status, parenthood, self-rated health, educational attainments of the participants' parents and family type during adolescence. Notably, no direct effect of adolescent ADHD and/or ODD symptoms on adult incomes was observed. These findings highlight the potential of educational and healthcare investments to reduce the income disparities associated with ADHD and ODD symptoms in the general population.

青少年ADHD和/或对立违抗性障碍症状与成人收入之间的间接关联:教育和共存精神障碍的中介作用
这项纵向、基于人群的队列研究考察了青少年注意力缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)和/或对立违抗性障碍(ODD)症状与成人收入之间的直接和间接联系。除了简单的直接联系之外,我们的模型还探讨了ADHD和/或ODD症状如何间接影响人类、社会和健康资本的积累,而这些积累反过来又可能影响生产力和收入。人群来自1986年芬兰北部出生队列(NFBC1986)的成员,他们在16岁时使用ADHD症状和正常行为(SWAN)量表评估ADHD和ODD症状的优缺点。结果表明,青少年ADHD和ADHD + ODD症状对成人收入有显著的间接负影响。这种影响在患有ADHD + ODD的男性中最为明显,他们通过人力资本(教育)减少了25%的收入,通过健康资本(存在ADHD或ODD以外的精神疾病)减少了18%的收入。社会资本并没有调解这种联系。模型根据工作经验、白领地位、婚姻状况、为人父母、自评健康状况、父母的受教育程度和青少年时期的家庭类型进行了调整。值得注意的是,没有观察到青少年ADHD和/或ODD症状对成人收入的直接影响。这些发现强调了教育和医疗投资在减少普通人群中与ADHD和ODD症状相关的收入差距方面的潜力。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
12.80
自引率
4.70%
发文量
186
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry is Europe''s only peer-reviewed journal entirely devoted to child and adolescent psychiatry. It aims to further a broad understanding of psychopathology in children and adolescents. Empirical research is its foundation, and clinical relevance is its hallmark. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry welcomes in particular papers covering neuropsychiatry, cognitive neuroscience, genetics, neuroimaging, pharmacology, and related fields of interest. Contributions are encouraged from all around the world.
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