Evaluation of Environmental Impact of Solid-Phase Extraction and Microextraction Techniques in Sulfonamide Analysis.

Abstract

It is imperative to evaluate the environmentally conscious sample preparation techniques, as they involve the use of a variety of solvents, such as organic compounds, substances, sorbents, pH modifications, and energy inputs. Pressurized fluid extraction, liquid-liquid microextraction, accelerated solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and dispersive solid-phase extraction are among the numerous extraction methods that are employed to extract sulfonamide due to its sensitivity, efficacy, speed, versatility, and economic appeal. The greenness and sustainability of 20 methods for detecting sulfonamide in environmental, biological, and dietary samples are compared in this article using an Analytical GREEnness prep (AGREE prep), Sample Preparation Metric of Sustainability (SPMS), Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), and Click Analytical Chemistry (CAC) metrics. This assessment provides substantial new information regarding the environmental consequences and sustainability of sulfonamide analysis in the preparation of samples for solid phase extraction (SPE) using HPLC and HPLC-MS/MS methods. Among these, HPLC method developed by Luo et al. & Ma et al. and LC-MS/MS method proposed by García-Galán et al. & Jian et al. reconcile analytical effectiveness with environmental sustainability since they consume less energy, are reusable, encompass fewer processes, and have minimal waste management. These features have been attributed to low energy use, excessive sample production, less waste, and environmentally suitable solvents.