Cognitive reserve mitigates cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease by protecting white matter fibers: an automated fiber quantification study.

Abstract

This study investigates how cognitive reserve (CR), developed through education and other cognitive activities, can slow cognitive dysfunction in cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) patients by examining cerebral white matter fiber connectivity. We prospectively enrolled 125 patients with CSVD from the Department of Neurology between 2021 and 2023, including 69 patients with no cognitive impairment (nonCI) and 56 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Patients were divided into low cognitive reserve (LCR) and high cognitive reserve (HCR) subgroups based on the median of years of education (≤ 9 vs. >9 years). All participants underwent 3.0T MRI scans and neuropsychological assessments. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) values of fiber bundles detected by automated fiber quantification (AFQ) were compared among groups by two-way analysis of variance, considering disease state and CR as factors. Correlation analyses examined the relationships between significant fiber segments and cognitive function. We found that the MCI group exhibited decreased FA and increased MD in specific segments of some fiber tracts, such as the corpus callosum splenium, bilateral thalamic radial tracts, and bilateral inferior frontal occipital tracts compared to the nonCI group. The LCR group had decreased FA in the left corticospinal tract and increased MD in the right corticospinal tract compared to the HCR group. Significant interactions of FA values were observed in the left arcuate fasciculus(F = 3.949, P < 0.05), particularly in segments related to information processing speed and memory. The MCI group exhibited poorer white matter fiber integrity than the nonCI group. These findings suggest that the left arcuate fasciculus may partially mediate CR's protective effects on cognitive dysfunction in patients with CSVD.