The quintessence of algal biomass in bioplastic production: insightful advancement and sustainable use.

Abstract

Plastics are essential components of modern life, and their global demand is increasing daily. They are gaining recognition as a sustainable source for bioplastic production due to their rapid growth, carbon fixation ability, and capacity to utilize various waste streams. It seems that landfill, incineration, chemical treatment, and plastic recycling are not the best options for minimizing plastic pollution. A novel approach A new approach is needed to reduce this pollution. Bioplastics are biodegradable and come with less toxicity, a low carbon footprint, and are a better alternative to fossil-based plastics. This review explores recent advances in algal bioplastics, focusing on key polymers like polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and polylactic acid (PLA). Special attention is given to the use of genetic tools such as CRISPR-Cas systems to improve yield and carbon flux. Challenges related to downstream processing, low biomass productivity, and environmental variability are also discussed. This review highlights the importance of standardized life cycle assessments (LCAs) to evaluate environmental impact across the entire production chain. Additionally, regulatory frameworks from different countries are compared to identify gaps and promote progressive policy development. The review aims to provide an integrated perspective on the technical innovation, economic feasibility, and policy needed to support the future of algae-based bioplastics.