{"title":"Effects of Heat Application on Pain, Anxiety, and Comfort Levels of Patients Undergoing Cystoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Emine Karakaya, Kıvan Çevik Kaya","doi":"","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cystoscopy causes pain, anxiety, and dissatisfaction in patients and leads to increased discomfort. Therefore, it is helpful to use pharmacological and evidence-based complementary alternative medicine methods together for pain, anxiety, and comfort management during the cystoscopy procedure.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This randomized controlled experimental study was conducted to determine the effects of heat application on patients' pain, anxiety, and comfort levels during cystoscopy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was conducted as a two-parallel group randomized controlled trial, from November 2023 to June 2024.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>The study was conducted in the cystoscopy unit of a state hospital located in Western Turkey.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>The study sample consisted of 62 patients.</p><p><strong>Intervention: </strong>The patients were randomly assigned to two groups using a computer program (www.randomizer.org): Group 1 (control group) and Group 2 (intervention group). The patients in the intervention group underwent heat application in the cystoscopy room.</p><p><strong>Primary outcome measures: </strong>Data were collected using the 'Patient Information Form', 'Visual Analog Scale', 'Data Recording Form', 'State Anxiety Inventory', and 'Shortened General Comfort Scale'. While the data were analyzed, descriptive statistical methods, chi-square analysis, independent samples t test, dependent samples t test, and analysis of variance test were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of the mean scores obtained from the VAS during and after the intervention, but there was no statistically significant difference between the scores obtained from the overall State Anxiety Inventory and Shortened General Comfort Scale and their subscales before and after the intervention.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study findings indicate that the heat application to patients during cystoscopy is effective in reducing pain.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>anxiety, comfort, cystoscopy, heat application, pain, complementary and alternative medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":7571,"journal":{"name":"Alternative therapies in health and medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Alternative therapies in health and medicine","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"INTEGRATIVE & COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Cystoscopy causes pain, anxiety, and dissatisfaction in patients and leads to increased discomfort. Therefore, it is helpful to use pharmacological and evidence-based complementary alternative medicine methods together for pain, anxiety, and comfort management during the cystoscopy procedure.
Objective: This randomized controlled experimental study was conducted to determine the effects of heat application on patients' pain, anxiety, and comfort levels during cystoscopy.
Methods: This study was conducted as a two-parallel group randomized controlled trial, from November 2023 to June 2024.
Setting: The study was conducted in the cystoscopy unit of a state hospital located in Western Turkey.
Participants: The study sample consisted of 62 patients.
Intervention: The patients were randomly assigned to two groups using a computer program (www.randomizer.org): Group 1 (control group) and Group 2 (intervention group). The patients in the intervention group underwent heat application in the cystoscopy room.
Primary outcome measures: Data were collected using the 'Patient Information Form', 'Visual Analog Scale', 'Data Recording Form', 'State Anxiety Inventory', and 'Shortened General Comfort Scale'. While the data were analyzed, descriptive statistical methods, chi-square analysis, independent samples t test, dependent samples t test, and analysis of variance test were used.
Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of the mean scores obtained from the VAS during and after the intervention, but there was no statistically significant difference between the scores obtained from the overall State Anxiety Inventory and Shortened General Comfort Scale and their subscales before and after the intervention.
Conclusion: The study findings indicate that the heat application to patients during cystoscopy is effective in reducing pain.
Keywords: anxiety, comfort, cystoscopy, heat application, pain, complementary and alternative medicine.
期刊介绍：
Launched in 1995, Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine has a mission to promote the art and science of integrative medicine and a responsibility to improve public health. We strive to maintain the highest standards of ethical medical journalism independent of special interests that is timely, accurate, and a pleasure to read. We publish original, peer-reviewed scientific articles that provide health care providers with continuing education to promote health, prevent illness, and treat disease. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine was the first journal in this field to be indexed in the National Library of Medicine. In 2006, 2007, and 2008, ATHM had the highest impact factor ranking of any independently published peer-reviewed CAM journal in the United States—meaning that its research articles were cited more frequently than any other journal’s in the field.
Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine does not endorse any particular system or method but promotes the evaluation and appropriate use of all effective therapeutic approaches. Each issue contains a variety of disciplined inquiry methods, from case reports to original scientific research to systematic reviews. The editors encourage the integration of evidence-based emerging therapies with conventional medical practices by licensed health care providers in a way that promotes a comprehensive approach to health care that is focused on wellness, prevention, and healing. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine hopes to inform all licensed health care practitioners about developments in fields other than their own and to foster an ongoing debate about the scientific, clinical, historical, legal, political, and cultural issues that affect all of health care.
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