CBr4 as an Efficient Halogen Bond Donor Catalyst in Pictet-Spengler Cyclizations: A Metal-Free Approach to the Synthesis of Benzazepinoindoles and Tetrahydro-β-carbolines.

Abstract

Indole-based alkaloids, such as benzazepinoindoles and tetrahydro-β-carbolines, hold profound significance in synthetic organic chemistry due to their diverse biological properties. These structurally intricate molecules are efficiently accessed through the well-established Pictet-Spengler cyclization, a reaction that entails the condensation of amines with carbonyl compounds, followed by an intramolecular cyclization. This transformation was effectively catalyzed by tetrabromomethane (CBr₄), an effective metal-free organocatalyst that facilitates high-yielding reactions while accommodating a broad substrate scope. The remarkable adaptability of this strategy enables the construction of a variety of architecturally distinct frameworks, including seven-membered spirobenzazepinoindoles, tetrahydrobenzazepinoindoles, and six-membered tetrahydro-β-carbolines, notably encompassing the naturally occurring alkaloid kovamine. The synthesized compounds were extensively characterized using spectroscopic techniques such as NMR (¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁹F, and DEPT-135), IR, and mass spectrometry. NMR titration analysis, alongside DFT computations, were performed to elucidate the molecular-level interactions between CBr₄ and carbonyl functionalities.