Review of experimental equine synovitis models for inducing lameness

Abstract

Lameness in horses, particularly in relation to osteoarthritis (OA), is complex and variable, highlighting the importance of experimental models in advancing our understanding of pain and lameness. Synovitis plays a critical role in the development of OA, and reversible models of synovitis offer valuable insights into physiology and potential therapeutic interventions. While various induced lameness models aim to mimic clinical conditions, they are often acute or chronic in nature and not true parallels of clinical disease. While these models often reflect key aspects, the development of an ideal in vivo model of synovitis has yet to be identified. This article reviews established models of synovitis induced lameness, outlines their respective benefits and limitations and provides an overview of studies in which these methods have been utilised. To enhance future model selection and development, this article compares these models by considering factors such as reversibility and severity.