Trends and advancements in fish anaesthesia over the last decade

Abstract

In aquaculture, anaesthesia is applied in various activities such as handling, transportation, and operational procedures to reduce stress levels in fish. In this context, numerous synthetic and natural anaesthetics have been investigated from past to present. This study presents the current state of knowledge on fish anaesthesia methods and anaesthetic agents by focusing on developments over the past decade. Bibliometric analysis results reveal that, in the past, anaesthesia research on fish was predominantly conducted by specific research groups and published in particular journals. However, in recent years, new research teams and countries have also started contributing to this field. Whereas earlier studies primarily examined conventional methods and anaesthetics, recent and contemporary research has increasingly focused on the anaesthetic efficacy of various essential oils. Keyword analyses showed that studies conducted between 2014 and 2017 mainly focused on the effects of anaesthetics on the nervous system, whereas the 2018–2021 period saw a rise in interest in plant-based natural anaesthetics. Since 2022, research has increasingly shifted toward ethical considerations, fish welfare, and recovery processes. Zebrafish, tambaqui, silver catfish, tilapia, and carp are among the most studied species due to their economic importance and species-specific responses to anaesthetics. In conclusion, research on fish anaesthesia has undergone significant evolution over the past decade in terms of both scientific depth and practical application; natural anaesthetics, ethical practices, and fish welfare have come to the forefront, integrating with sustainable aquaculture.