Heat and mass transfer of a 2D monolayer hybrid nanofluid over a vertical cone subject to magnetic, porosity, and chemical reaction impacts

Abstract

The proposed research investigates the heat and mass transmission behavior of a hybrid nanofluid composed of two-dimensional monolayer materials, namely graphene and $Mo{S}_2$ in Table 1, over a heated vertical cone. The governing dimensional equations for the velocity, temperature, and concentration fields are converted to nondimensional form using the required transformations. The finite difference technique is utilized for numerical solutions, particularly the Crank–Nicolson scheme combined with the Thomas algorithm. Critical metrics such as skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are used to study fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer in a variety of scenarios. The results are cross-checked against existing studies, demonstrating good agreement and confirming the suggested model’s reliability. This makes them excellent for application in modern industrial settings, notably in the development of high-performance heat exchangers, where more accurate heat flow may greatly boost efficiency and lower operating costs. Applying 2D monolayer-based hybrid nanofluids to cooling systems enhances temperature control, making it ideal for cooling electronics, HVAC systems, and other key thermal management tasks. Composites are also highly stable and good at carrying heat, thus perfectly suited for use in green energy devices like solar thermal collectors and energy storage systems, where efficient heat transfer is vital to performance. The results show that mixed nanofluids have the potential to drive technological innovation, resulting in better system stability and energy efficiency. Its findings provide a clear route to increased process efficiency and sustainability in startups that need improved heat management systems.