Evaluation of yield, quality and water productivity of bread wheat cultivated under supplemental irrigation strategies in semi-arid conditions

Abstract

Background and aims

Water shortage is the main restricting factor for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production, whereas irrigation is the most effective measure to reduce water stress and increase winter wheat grain yield. However, irrigation strategies with high grain yield and water productivity (WP) are needed under scarce-water resources conditions such as the Konya Plain.

Methods

For this purpose, a field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of different supplemental irrigation strategies on grain yield, quality and irrigation water productivity (IWP) of bread wheat in the Konya Plain of Türkiye. The supplemental irrigation strategies were irrigation during jointing (J), irrigation during jointing and heading (JH), irrigation during jointing, heading and milking (JHM). These strategies were tested under four different irrigation levels such as full, 90, 70 and 50 mm, and a no irrigation (rainfed) treatment was added as control.

Results

The results of this research revailed that the highest grain yields were obtained under JHM₅₀, JHM₇₀, JHM₉₀ and JHM_F treatments, and among the JHM₇₀, JHM_90, and JHM_F irrigation treatments, there were no significant differences in grain yield. Moreover, JHM₇₀ treatment saved 34.6% (110 mm) and 22.2% (60 mm) of total irrigation water, respectively, compared to JHM_F and JHM₉₀ treatments. The two-year average WP and IWP of JHM₇₀-treated bread wheat increased by 19.8% and 43.8% respectively, compared with JHM_F. The study findings showed that as irrigation frequency increased, grain quality factors relatively decreased, and the highest grain quality factors were achieved under R_f treatment.

Conclusions

In conclusion, JHM could be suggested to obtain high grain yield, WP, IWP, and water saving under normal years in Konya Plain. On the other hand, JHM treatment saved 28.6% of irrigation water with only about 4.8% grain yield loss as compared to JHM . Therefore, JHM can be suggested as an alternative irrigation treatment for stable winter wheat production with limited water resources in the Konya Plain.