Novel and Neutral PFAS in Multimatrix from Fluorochemical Industries: Sector-Specific Profiles and Monitoring Implications from GC-Based Targeted, Suspect, and Nontargeted Analyses

Abstract

Despite their widespread use as high-performance chemicals, the occurrence and environmental behavior of neutral per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) remain poorly characterized. In this study, air, sediment, and wastewater samples were collected from fluorochemical-related industries, such as textiles, paper materials, and semiconductor manufacturing. Gas chromatograph-based targeted and class-based suspect analyses were employed to characterize both known and novel neutral PFAS (nPFAS). Fluorotelomer alcohols were predominant across all matrices, comprising over 90% of total nPFAS. Distinct sector-specific patterns were observed: acrylate-based compounds were prevalent in fluoropolymer production, whereas alcohol- and acetate-based compounds were more abundant in industries applying fluoropolymers. Although global efforts to phase out C8-based PFAS appear to have shifted usage toward C6-based alternatives, longer-chained (>C8) nPFAS were dominant in sediment, indicating that sediments may act as potential reservoirs and secondary sources. Industrial wastewater contained both nPFAS and their transformation products, many of which are not routinely monitored. Nontargeted analysis tentatively identified a benzotrifluoride derivative potentially originating from industrial activities, suggesting its relevance as an emerging contaminant. This study enhances understanding of the environmental occurrence, profiles, and fate of novel and neutral PFAS and underscores the need for their inclusion in monitoring and mitigation strategies.