Fatty acid biomarkers reveal landscape influences on linkages between aquatic and terrestrial food webs

Abstract

Stream and riparian habitats are meta-ecosystems that can be strongly connected via the emergence of aquatic insects, which form an important prey subsidy for terrestrial consumers. Anthropogenic perturbations that impact these habitats may indirectly propagate across traditional ecosystem boundaries, thus weakening aquatic-terrestrial food web linkages. We investigated how algal production, aquatic invertebrates, and terrestrial spiders influence cross-ecosystem connectivity in temperate streams across four European catchments with varying levels of human disturbance. We used fatty acid biomarkers to measure putative aquatic linkages to riparian spiders. Variation-partitioning analysis indicated that aquatic insect dispersal traits explained a relatively large proportion of variability in the fatty acid profile of spiders. Trophic connectivity, as measured by the proportion of the polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and the ratio of EPA to its chemical precursor, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), was positively associated with abundances of “aerial active” dispersing aquatic insects. However, this positive influence was also associated with changes in environmental context and arachnid beta diversity. Structural equation modeling disentangled how aquatic insect communities influence trophic connectivity with riparian predators after accounting for biological and environmental contingencies. Our results show how subsidies of stream insects are a putative source of essential fatty acids for adjacent terrestrial food webs. Catchment-wide impacts indirectly propagated to the local scale through impacts on aquatic invertebrate communities, thus affecting stream-riparian food webs. Increased riparian tree cover enhanced stream insect subsidies via dispersal traits despite reducing aquatic primary production through shading. Consequently, ecosystem properties such as woody riparian buffers that increase aquatic-terrestrial trophic connectivity have the potential to affect a wide range of consumers in modified landscapes.