Enhanced antibacterial efficacy of Ag@ZnTiO₃ nanocomposites: green synthesis using Gaga leaf extract and mechanistic insights

IF 3.2 4区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-07-22 DOI:10.1007/s10971-025-06865-8

Amit Vasantrao Choudhari, Sudip Mondal, Pavan Bhilkar, Manoj Kumar, Pranali Hadole, Ratiram G. Chaudhary, Mohd Abul Kalam, Mohd Afzal, Aniruddha Mondal

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Abstract

The rise of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains has created an urgent need for alternative antimicrobial agents. In this study, we report the green synthesis of mesoporous Ag@ZnTiO₃ nanocomposites using ethanolic leaf extract of the Gaga plant. The synthesized materials were characterized for structural and morphological features and evaluated for antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial performance of the mesoporous Ag@ZnTiO₃ nanocomposites was evaluated against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria using disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. Mechanistic insights revealed that the antibacterial mechanism involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated oxidative stress, membrane disruption, and inhibition of cellular processes, leading to bacterial cell death. Mesoporous Ag@ZnTiO₃ nanocomposites demonstrate excellent antibacterial efficacy and stability, making them a promising candidate for next-generation antimicrobial agents in medical and environmental applications. In addition, a One-way ANOVA study revealed that the plant-synthesized nanocomposite exhibited a significantly greater antibacterial effect on the Gram-negative bacterial strain compared to the Gram-positive strain. The p-values less than 0.05 (p < 0.05) indicate the statistical significance of the model terms. Further studies on scalability and long-term safety are recommended to pave the way for practical implementations.

Graphical Abstract

Abstract Image

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增强抗菌功效Ag@ZnTiO₃纳米复合材料：利用Gaga叶提取物的绿色合成和机理见解

耐多药细菌菌株的增加造成了对替代抗菌药物的迫切需求。在这项研究中，我们报道了利用Gaga植物的乙醇叶提取物绿色合成介孔Ag@ZnTiO₃纳米复合材料。对合成的材料进行了结构和形态特征表征，并对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌活性进行了评价。采用纸片扩散法和最低抑菌浓度法（MIC）对介孔Ag@ZnTiO3纳米复合材料对革兰氏阳性金黄色葡萄球菌和革兰氏阴性大肠杆菌的抑菌性能进行了评价。机理揭示了抗菌机制涉及活性氧（ROS）介导的氧化应激、膜破坏和细胞过程抑制，导致细菌细胞死亡。介孔Ag@ZnTiO3纳米复合材料表现出优异的抗菌效果和稳定性，使其成为下一代抗菌剂在医疗和环境应用中的有希望的候选者。此外，一项单因素方差分析研究显示，植物合成的纳米复合材料对革兰氏阴性菌株的抗菌作用明显高于革兰氏阳性菌株。p值小于0.05 （p < 0.05）表示模型项具有统计学显著性。建议进一步研究可扩展性和长期安全性，为实际实现铺平道路。图形抽象

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来源期刊

Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 工程技术-材料科学：硅酸盐

CiteScore

4.70

自引率

4.00%

发文量

280

审稿时长

2.1 months

期刊介绍： The primary objective of the Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology (JSST), the official journal of the International Sol-Gel Society, is to provide an international forum for the dissemination of scientific, technological, and general knowledge about materials processed by chemical nanotechnologies known as the "sol-gel" process. The materials of interest include gels, gel-derived glasses, ceramics in form of nano- and micro-powders, bulk, fibres, thin films and coatings as well as more recent materials such as hybrid organic-inorganic materials and composites. Such materials exhibit a wide range of optical, electronic, magnetic, chemical, environmental, and biomedical properties and functionalities. Methods for producing sol-gel-derived materials and the industrial uses of these materials are also of great interest.