Synthesis and characterisation of activated carbon supported catalysts: photocatalytic degradation of olive wastewater solutions using these catalysts

IF 3.2 4区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-06-27 DOI:10.1007/s10971-025-06833-2

Huseyn Osman, Selman İlteriş Yılmaz, Mehmet Uğurlu, Ali İmran Vaizoğullar, Abdul Jabbar Chaudhary

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Abstract

The aim of this study is to synthesize and characterize four different types of activated carbon supported catalysts and evaluate their effectiveness in the photocatalytic degradation of olive mill wastewater (OMW) generated during the olive oil production process. The four photocatalysts synthesized by using the sol-gel method were: TiO₂/AC, V₂O₅/TiO₂/AC, WO₃/TiO₂/AC and V₂O₅/WO₃/TiO₂/AC. The photocatalysts were characterised by using TEM, SEM, XRD, FTIR analytical technniques and BET analyses. The degradation performance of these calatalysts was evaluated by investigating the the removal of pollutants such as color, phenol, lignin and COD from OMW. In addition, the effects on photocatalytic degradation were investigated in detail by considering the catalyst type, catalyst amount, suspension pH and contact time. From the experimental results, V₂O₅/TiO₂/AC catalyst showed superior performance compared to the remaining catalysts. In order to increase the oxidation effect, ozone (O₃) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) were used as supporting oxidising agents either together or separately in some experiments. When ozone and UV were used together, the highest removal rates for color, phenol, lignin and COD were 87%, 91%, 60% and 70%, respectively, and when the catalyst and H₂O₂ were used together, the highest removal rates were 24%, 55%, 35% and 42%, respectively, for color, phenol, lignin and COD. When the catalyst, UV/O₃ and H₂O₂ were used together, the removal rates for color, phenol, lignin and COD were 95%, 90%, 60% and 58%, respectively, after 6 hours. Under optimum conditions, photocatalytic degradation of various pollutants in the presence of supporting oxidants such as O₃ and H₂O₂ reached almost 80–95%. In conclusion, the findings of this research address a major environmental concern in the treatment of OMW by presenting an innovative catalytic method for the effective degradation of OMW wastewater.

Graphical Abstract

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活性炭负载催化剂的合成与表征：用这些催化剂光催化降解橄榄废水

本研究的目的是合成和表征四种不同类型的活性炭负载催化剂，并评估其光催化降解橄榄油生产过程中产生的橄榄厂废水（OMW）的效果。采用溶胶-凝胶法合成的4种光催化剂分别为：TiO2/AC、V2O5/TiO2/AC、WO3/TiO2/AC和V2O5/WO3/TiO2/AC。采用TEM、SEM、XRD、FTIR分析技术和BET分析对催化剂进行了表征。通过考察催化剂对废水中色度、苯酚、木质素、COD等污染物的去除效果，评价了催化剂的降解性能。此外，还考察了催化剂类型、催化剂用量、悬浮液pH和接触时间对光催化降解的影响。从实验结果来看，V2O5/TiO2/AC催化剂的性能优于其他催化剂。为了提高氧化效果，在一些实验中，将臭氧（O3）和过氧化氢（H2O2）作为辅助氧化剂，或一起使用，或单独使用。臭氧和UV联合使用时，对颜色、苯酚、木质素和COD的去除率最高分别为87%、91%、60%和70%；催化剂和H2O2联合使用时，对颜色、苯酚、木质素和COD的去除率最高分别为24%、55%、35%和42%。当催化剂、UV/O3和H2O2共同使用时，处理6 h后，对颜色、苯酚、木质素和COD的去除率分别为95%、90%、60%和58%。在最佳条件下，在O3和H2O2等辅助氧化剂的存在下，光催化对各种污染物的降解率几乎达到80-95%。总而言之，本研究的发现通过提出一种创新的催化方法来有效降解废水，解决了废水处理中一个主要的环境问题。图形抽象

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来源期刊

Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 工程技术-材料科学：硅酸盐

CiteScore

4.70

自引率

4.00%

发文量

280

审稿时长

2.1 months

期刊介绍： The primary objective of the Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology (JSST), the official journal of the International Sol-Gel Society, is to provide an international forum for the dissemination of scientific, technological, and general knowledge about materials processed by chemical nanotechnologies known as the "sol-gel" process. The materials of interest include gels, gel-derived glasses, ceramics in form of nano- and micro-powders, bulk, fibres, thin films and coatings as well as more recent materials such as hybrid organic-inorganic materials and composites. Such materials exhibit a wide range of optical, electronic, magnetic, chemical, environmental, and biomedical properties and functionalities. Methods for producing sol-gel-derived materials and the industrial uses of these materials are also of great interest.