Two-state paramagnetism: The effect of temperature fluctuations

Abstract

In this Letter, we investigate the impact of temperature fluctuations on the induced magnetization of a simple paramagnetic two-state system. These fluctuations are considered within the framework of superstatistics. We specifically examine three temperature distributions resulting from additive or multiplicative random processes: the ${\chi }^2$, inverse-${\chi }^2$, and log-normal distributions. Our analysis reveals that fluctuations generally lead to a reduction in magnetization and an increase in mean energy compared to scenarios without fluctuations. In essence, these fluctuations act as an effective temperature.