Highly-microporous carbon created by mechanochemical recycling herbal waste for supercapacitor with superior energy density

IF 5.8 2区生物学 Q1 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Biomass & Bioenergy Pub Date : 2025-08-30 DOI:10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108326

Shufen Gan , Xingyan Xie , Liu Wan , Jian Chen , Cheng Du , Yan Zhang , Mingjiang Xie

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Abstract

A sustainable method for synthesizing highly microporous carbon from recycled biomass waste is an efficient way to repurpose waste resources and produce a promising material for supercapacitor (SC). Herein, a mechanochemical approach was developed to create porous carbon by mixing Plantago seed waste (PS) with K₂CO₃ activator through ball milling, followed by carbonization and water washing, in which over 95 % K₂CO₃ can be recovered. The resulting products exhibit a microporosity ratio exceeding 90 %, hydrophilic surface, amorphous structure, and abundant oxygenic groups. Due to its high microporosity, the symmetric supercapacitor tests revealed that the PSC could store energy across a wide voltage range of 0–4.0 V in a 1.0 M TEABF₄/AN electrolyte, achieving a remarkable energy density of 78.1 Wh/kg at a power density of 2000 W/kg. These results highlight the superior energy storage capabilities of the PSC compared to other carbon-based SCs, including an industrially utilized activated carbon (YP-80F) based SC with energy density of 40.6 Wh/kg at 1500 W/kg. This research demonstrates great potential for practical energy storage applications using the developed material.

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机械化学回收中草药废弃物制备高微孔碳，用于高能量密度超级电容器

利用再生生物质废弃物可持续合成高微孔碳是一种有效的资源再利用方法，是一种极具发展前景的超级电容器材料。本研究采用机械化学方法，将车前草种子废弃物（PS）与K2CO3活化剂通过球磨混合，然后进行碳化和水洗，制备多孔碳，其中K2CO3可回收95%以上。产物微孔率超过90%，表面亲水，结构无定形，含氧基团丰富。由于其高微孔隙度，对称超级电容器测试表明，PSC可以在1.0 M TEABF4/AN电解液中在0-4.0 V的宽电压范围内存储能量，在2000 W/kg的功率密度下实现78.1 Wh/kg的能量密度。这些结果突出了PSC与其他碳基SC相比的优越储能能力，包括工业上使用的基于活性炭（YP-80F）的SC，在1500 W/kg时能量密度为40.6 Wh/kg。这项研究表明，这种材料在实际储能应用中具有巨大的潜力。

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来源期刊

Biomass & Bioenergy 工程技术-能源与燃料

CiteScore

11.50

自引率

3.30%

发文量

258

审稿时长

60 days

期刊介绍： Biomass & Bioenergy is an international journal publishing original research papers and short communications, review articles and case studies on biological resources, chemical and biological processes, and biomass products for new renewable sources of energy and materials. The scope of the journal extends to the environmental, management and economic aspects of biomass and bioenergy. Key areas covered by the journal: • Biomass: sources, energy crop production processes, genetic improvements, composition. Please note that research on these biomass subjects must be linked directly to bioenergy generation. • Biological Residues: residues/rests from agricultural production, forestry and plantations (palm, sugar etc), processing industries, and municipal sources (MSW). Papers on the use of biomass residues through innovative processes/technological novelty and/or consideration of feedstock/system sustainability (or unsustainability) are welcomed. However waste treatment processes and pollution control or mitigation which are only tangentially related to bioenergy are not in the scope of the journal, as they are more suited to publications in the environmental arena. Papers that describe conventional waste streams (ie well described in existing literature) that do not empirically address ''new'' added value from the process are not suitable for submission to the journal. • Bioenergy Processes: fermentations, thermochemical conversions, liquid and gaseous fuels, and petrochemical substitutes • Bioenergy Utilization: direct combustion, gasification, electricity production, chemical processes, and by-product remediation • Biomass and the Environment: carbon cycle, the net energy efficiency of bioenergy systems, assessment of sustainability, and biodiversity issues.