A highly selective carbazole-based D-π-D-A fluorescence turn-off sensor for Fe3+ detection in aqueous media

IF 3.6 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 OPTICS

Journal of Luminescence Pub Date : 2025-08-28 DOI:10.1016/j.jlumin.2025.121503

Ahmet Battal , Nuray Altinolcek Gultekin , Mustafa Tavasli , Yavuz Onganer

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Abstract

In this study, N-hexyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)carbazole-3-carbaldehyde with donor-π-donor-acceptor (D-π-D-A) structure was designated as a probe N and its fluorescence sensor properties were investigated against 30 different analytes. Probe N in DMSO gave a structureless emission band with a maximum at 470 nm and a high photoluminescence quantum yield (80 %). In going from non-polar to polar solvents, the emission maximum of probe N red-shifted by 72 nm and Stokes shifts observed between absorption and emission spectra was 71 nm (3689 cm⁻¹). It was found that the emission maximum of probe N at 470 nm was more significantly quenched by Fe³⁺ than by Fe²⁺ among the analytes studied. Probe N showed high selectivity and high sensitivity with a 0.8 nM limit of detection (LOD) against Fe³⁺ in the presence of competing analytes. The LOD value is the lowest value reported so far for the detection of Fe³⁺. Job's plot indicated a 2:1 ratio between probe N and Fe³⁺. ¹H NMR and FT-IR provided further evidence that probe N complexed Fe³⁺ via the non-bonding electrons on the oxygen atoms of the aldehyde and methoxy groups. In practical applications, probe N successfully detected Fe³⁺. These results revealed that probe N could be an effective turn-off fluorescence sensor in the determination of Fe³⁺ in liquid environments.

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一种高选择性咔唑基D-π-D-A荧光关闭传感器，用于水介质中Fe3+的检测

本研究以供体-π-供体-受体（D-π-D- a）结构的N-己基-6-（4-甲氧基苯基）咔唑-3-乙醛为探针N，研究了其对30种不同分析物的荧光传感器性能。探针N在DMSO中具有无结构发射带，最大发射波长为470 nm，光致发光量子产率高达80%。从非极性溶剂到极性溶剂，探针N的发射最大值红移了72 nm，吸收光谱和发射光谱之间的Stokes位移为71 nm （3689 cm−1）。结果表明，在所研究的分析物中，Fe3+比Fe2+更明显地淬灭了探针N在470 nm处的发射最大值。探针N对Fe3+具有高选择性和高灵敏度，在竞争分析物存在的情况下，检测限为0.8 nM。LOD值是迄今为止报道的Fe3+检测的最低值。Job的图显示探针N和Fe3+的比例为2:1。1H NMR和FT-IR进一步证明探针N通过醛和甲氧基氧原子上的非成键电子络合Fe3+。在实际应用中，探针N成功探测到了Fe3+。这些结果表明探针N可以作为一种有效的关闭荧光传感器用于液体环境中Fe3+的测定。

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来源期刊

Journal of Luminescence 物理-光学

CiteScore

6.70

自引率

13.90%

发文量

850

审稿时长

3.8 months

期刊介绍： The purpose of the Journal of Luminescence is to provide a means of communication between scientists in different disciplines who share a common interest in the electronic excited states of molecular, ionic and covalent systems, whether crystalline, amorphous, or liquid. We invite original papers and reviews on such subjects as: exciton and polariton dynamics, dynamics of localized excited states, energy and charge transport in ordered and disordered systems, radiative and non-radiative recombination, relaxation processes, vibronic interactions in electronic excited states, photochemistry in condensed systems, excited state resonance, double resonance, spin dynamics, selective excitation spectroscopy, hole burning, coherent processes in excited states, (e.g. coherent optical transients, photon echoes, transient gratings), multiphoton processes, optical bistability, photochromism, and new techniques for the study of excited states. This list is not intended to be exhaustive. Papers in the traditional areas of optical spectroscopy (absorption, MCD, luminescence, Raman scattering) are welcome. Papers on applications (phosphors, scintillators, electro- and cathodo-luminescence, radiography, bioimaging, solar energy, energy conversion, etc.) are also welcome if they present results of scientific, rather than only technological interest. However, papers containing purely theoretical results, not related to phenomena in the excited states, as well as papers using luminescence spectroscopy to perform routine analytical chemistry or biochemistry procedures, are outside the scope of the journal. Some exceptions will be possible at the discretion of the editors.