Broadband two-dimensional far-field beam profiling of commercial CW terahertz photomixers from 0.2 to 1.5 THz

IF 3.4 3区物理与天体物理 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION

Infrared Physics & Technology Pub Date : 2025-08-27 DOI:10.1016/j.infrared.2025.106094

Mathias Hedegaard Kristensen, Esben Skovsen

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

We present a systematic far-field characterization of four commercial PIN diode terahertz photomixers over the 0.2–1.5 THz frequency range using a two-dimensional (2D) raster scanning method. The emission pattern of each transmitter, equipped with an integrated hyper-hemispherical silicon lens, was characterized using a broadband Schottky diode receiver over a 35 × 35 mm

^{2}

grid. The results reveal consistent frequency-dependent beam divergence and the emergence of distinct Airy diffraction patterns at intermediate frequencies, attributed to lens-induced aperture effects. In addition to qualitative mapping, we extract quantitative metrics – including divergence slope, beam asymmetry, ellipticity, and centroid variability – that enable objective comparison of beam profiles across devices and frequencies. This comprehensive mapping underscores the importance of full 2D beam profiling for understanding THz propagation and offers insights into lens design and photomixer packaging for optimized system performance.

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商用连续波太赫兹光电混合器在0.2 ~ 1.5太赫兹波段的宽带二维远场波束分析

我们提出了一个系统的远场表征四个商用PIN二极管太赫兹光电转换器在0.2-1.5太赫兹频率范围内使用二维（2D）光栅扫描方法。每个发射机的发射模式，配备了一个集成的超半球形硅透镜，使用宽带肖特基二极管接收器在35 × 35 mm2的网格上进行了表征。结果表明，由于透镜诱导的孔径效应，在中频处出现了一致的频率相关光束发散和明显的艾里衍射图案。除了定性映射外，我们还提取了定量指标-包括散度斜率，光束不对称，椭圆性和质心可变性-能够客观比较不同设备和频率的光束轮廓。这种全面的映射强调了全2D光束剖面对理解太赫兹传播的重要性，并为优化系统性能的透镜设计和photomixer封装提供了见解。

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来源期刊

Infrared Physics & Technology 物理-光学

CiteScore

5.70

自引率

12.10%

发文量

400

审稿时长

67 days

期刊介绍： The Journal covers the entire field of infrared physics and technology: theory, experiment, application, devices and instrumentation. Infrared'' is defined as covering the near, mid and far infrared (terahertz) regions from 0.75um (750nm) to 1mm (300GHz.) Submissions in the 300GHz to 100GHz region may be accepted at the editors discretion if their content is relevant to shorter wavelengths. Submissions must be primarily concerned with and directly relevant to this spectral region. Its core topics can be summarized as the generation, propagation and detection, of infrared radiation; the associated optics, materials and devices; and its use in all fields of science, industry, engineering and medicine. Infrared techniques occur in many different fields, notably spectroscopy and interferometry; material characterization and processing; atmospheric physics, astronomy and space research. Scientific aspects include lasers, quantum optics, quantum electronics, image processing and semiconductor physics. Some important applications are medical diagnostics and treatment, industrial inspection and environmental monitoring.