Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility in High Strength Aerospace Structural Steels

Abstract

Martensitic structural steels are widely used in aerospace components due to the strength-to-weight ratio requirement. However, hydrogen embrittlement (HE) poses a significant threat to the structural integrity of these components. Aerospace components, such as landing gears, can become embrittled by hydrogen ingress during production processes such as electroplating or when operating in corrosive environments. Despite mitigation measures such as post-plating baking, internal hydrogen still persists in the microstructure of the steel substrates, which could lead to catastrophic failures when subjected to high in-service loads. Thus, investigating how hydrogen interacts with the microstructure of high strength structural steels is critical for developing HE resistant steel materials for aerospace applications.

Quenched and tempered 4340 steel is commonly used in landing gears due to its strength and toughness. 300M, a modified version of 4340, is designed to withstand comparatively high stresses. However, it is imperative to investigate the performance of these steels when subjected to HE conditions. In this study, electrochemical permeation and shear punch techniques are employed to assess their performance at various hydrogen concentrations. Apparent hydrogen diffusivity was significantly higher in 4340 compared to 300M as measured using Devanathan-Stachurski permeation setup under different charging conditions. Consequently, the severity of HE failure was more in 4340 compared to 300M as evaluated by the shear punch testing. The variation in hydrogen-induced failure can be attributed to the differences in formation of second-phase precipitates due to the varying alloy compositions between the subject steels. Insights from this study will advance the improvement of martensitic steels for aerospace structural application.