Innovative green synthesis of zinc-doped lignin nanoparticles from almond shell wastes: Examining photocatalytic, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity

IF 2.8 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Open Ceramics Pub Date : 2025-08-18 DOI:10.1016/j.oceram.2025.100836

Amir Hossein Yousef Poor , Vahid Shirshahi , Zahra Sabouri , Majid Darroudi

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Abstract

In this study, zinc-doped lignin nanoparticles (Zn-doped lignin NPs) were synthesized from almond shell waste. The incorporation of Zn²⁺ into lignin NPs aimed to improve their physical, chemical, and biological properties. XRD patterns confirmed the amorphous nature of the doped nanoparticles. TEM and FESEM imaging revealed spherical NPs with an average diameter of 15.17 nm. The cytotoxicity of Zn-doped lignin NPs was assessed on the breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line, revealing significant toxicity with an IC₅₀ value of approximately 364 μg/mL after 48 h. Additionally, agar diffusion tests showed that Zn-doped lignin NPs exhibited stronger antibacterial activity than pure lignin NPs against Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 19606 and clinical strains) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923 and clinical strains). Moreover, the photocatalytic effects demonstrated the high efficiency of Zn-doped lignin NPs in degrading organic dyes such as Rhodamine B (91%, RhB) and methylene blue (88 %, MB) under UV light.

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从杏仁壳废料中创新的绿色合成掺杂锌的木质素纳米颗粒：检查光催化，抗菌和细胞毒性

本研究以杏仁壳废料为原料合成了掺杂锌的木质素纳米颗粒（zn -掺杂木质素NPs）。将Zn 2 +掺入木质素NPs中，旨在改善其物理、化学和生物特性。XRD谱图证实了掺杂纳米颗粒的无定形性质。TEM和FESEM成像显示球形NPs，平均直径为15.17 nm。通过对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞株的细胞毒性实验，发现锌掺杂木质素NPs在48 h后的IC50值约为364 μg/mL。琼脂扩散实验表明，锌掺杂木质素NPs对鲍曼不动杆菌（ATCC 19606及临床菌株）和金黄色葡萄球菌（ATCC 25923及临床菌株）的抑菌活性比纯木质素NPs强。此外，在紫外光下，掺锌木质素NPs对罗丹明B （91%, RhB）和亚甲基蓝（88%，MB）等有机染料的降解效率也很高。

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