High temperature and mental health in 3.3 million adults living in Barcelona metropolitan area: a 12-year time series analysis of primary care data

IF 9.7 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environment International Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109748

Andrea Pistillo , Agustina Giuliodori , Anna Palomar-Cros , Elisa Gallo , Enric Aragonès , Joan Ballester , Marc Marí-Dell’Olmo , Xavier Basagaña , Talita Duarte-Salles

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Abstract

Extreme temperatures and mental health are both public health concerns. Yet, evidence on the impact of extreme temperature on mental health is still scarce. Here, we studied the short-term association between daily temperatures and the risk of a primary care diagnoses, medication prescription and sick leaves for anxiety and depression.

We conducted a time series analysis of adults living in the Barcelona metropolitan area from 2011 to 2022 using a primary care individual-level database in Catalonia, Spain. We defined outcomes related to anxiety and depression (diagnoses, medication prescriptions and sick leaves). We estimated daily mean temperature extracted from Meteocat for the area. We fitted a quasi-Poisson regression with distributed lag non-linear models for assessing the short-term association of temperature on the events of interest.

Among 3,303,841 adults, 11.7 % and 4.2 % had a diagnosis of anxiety and depression, 32.3 % and 20.1 % had at least a prescription of anxiolytics or antidepressants, and 4.9 % and 0.9 % at least a sick leave for anxiety or depression, respectively. High daily mean temperatures (26 °C, 95th percentile), with respect to the temperature of minimum risk (1 °C), increased the risk of anxiety (43 %), anxiolytic prescriptions (20 %), sick leaves for anxiety (65 %), depression (26 %) and sick leaves for depression (43 %). The exposure and most of the outcomes showed an increasing trend.

High temperatures may be associated with increased risk of anxiety and depression outcomes in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area.

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居住在巴塞罗那大都会区的330万成年人的高温和心理健康：初级保健数据的12年时间序列分析

极端温度和心理健康都是公共卫生问题。然而，关于极端温度对心理健康影响的证据仍然很少。在这里，我们研究了日常温度与初级保健诊断风险、药物处方和因焦虑和抑郁而请病假之间的短期关系。我们使用西班牙加泰罗尼亚的初级保健个人水平数据库，对2011年至2022年居住在巴塞罗那大都市区的成年人进行了时间序列分析。我们定义了与焦虑和抑郁相关的结果（诊断、药物处方和病假）。我们估计了从Meteocat提取的该地区的日平均温度。我们拟合了准泊松回归与分布滞后非线性模型，以评估温度对感兴趣的事件的短期关联。在3,303,841名成年人中，11.7% %和4.2 %被诊断为焦虑和抑郁，32.3% %和20.1 %至少有抗焦虑药或抗抑郁药处方，4.9% %和0.9% %分别至少因焦虑或抑郁请过病假。与最低风险温度（1 °C）相比，较高的日平均气温（26 °C，第95百分位）增加了焦虑（43 %）、抗焦虑药物（20 %）、因焦虑而请病假（65 %）、抑郁（26 %）和因抑郁而请病假（43 %）的风险。暴露量和大部分结果呈增加趋势。在巴塞罗那大都会区，高温可能与焦虑和抑郁风险增加有关

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Environment International 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

21.90

自引率

3.40%

发文量

734

审稿时长

2.8 months

期刊介绍： Environmental Health publishes manuscripts focusing on critical aspects of environmental and occupational medicine, including studies in toxicology and epidemiology, to illuminate the human health implications of exposure to environmental hazards. The journal adopts an open-access model and practices open peer review. It caters to scientists and practitioners across all environmental science domains, directly or indirectly impacting human health and well-being. With a commitment to enhancing the prevention of environmentally-related health risks, Environmental Health serves as a public health journal for the community and scientists engaged in matters of public health significance concerning the environment.