The Influence of Lead Refining Method on the Dross Content in the Metal

IF 2.3 4区材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

JOM Pub Date : 2025-07-03 DOI:10.1007/s11837-025-07558-x

Daniel Malecha, Robert Albrecht, James Lamb, Stanisław Małecki

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Abstract

Impurities in lead alloys affect the production yield and grid quality of lead-acid batteries. In addition to contamination limits, battery manufacturers often specify the maximum level of dross that can be produced when melting a given alloy. This study presents, for the first time, an example of a method for determining the percentage of dross formed after melting an alloy. In addition, the effect of three different lead pyrorefining methods—traditional refining, traditional refining with the double addition of NaOH and NaNO₃ and an alternative method using metallic aluminum—on the percentage of dross produced during the melting of the PbSnCa alloy was evaluated. Industrial-scale experiments have revealed significant differences in the amount of melt dross formed, confirming the influence of the refining method on this parameter. The aluminum refining method gave a lower dross content than the traditional approach and showed the highest process stability. Microstructural and phase analysis indicated that the resulting dross consisted mainly of metallic lead mixed with oxide phases. The results highlight the potential of lead refining using aluminum and provide valuable insights into optimizing lead recycling practices, as well as being a valuable knowledge base for lead-acid battery manufacturers.

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铅精炼方法对金属中杂质含量的影响

铅合金中的杂质影响铅酸电池的成品率和栅格质量。除了污染限制外，电池制造商通常还规定了熔化特定合金时可能产生的最大杂质水平。本研究首次提出了一种测定合金熔化后形成的杂质百分比的方法实例。此外，还考察了传统精炼、NaOH和NaNO3双加精炼和金属铝替代精炼三种不同的铅热解精炼方法对PbSnCa合金熔炼过程中产生的渣渣百分比的影响。工业规模的实验表明，熔体渣的形成量有显著差异，证实了精炼方法对该参数的影响。与传统方法相比，铝精炼方法的杂质含量较低，工艺稳定性最高。显微组织和物相分析表明，废渣主要由金属铅和氧化相混合组成。研究结果强调了使用铝精炼铅的潜力，并为优化铅回收实践提供了有价值的见解，同时也为铅酸电池制造商提供了有价值的知识库。

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来源期刊

JOM 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

3.80%

发文量

540

审稿时长

2.8 months

期刊介绍： JOM is a technical journal devoted to exploring the many aspects of materials science and engineering. JOM reports scholarly work that explores the state-of-the-art processing, fabrication, design, and application of metals, ceramics, plastics, composites, and other materials. In pursuing this goal, JOM strives to balance the interests of the laboratory and the marketplace by reporting academic, industrial, and government-sponsored work from around the world.