Consumption of fermented Cd and Pb contaminated wheat flour increases potential health risk

IF 3.5 3区医学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Food and Chemical Toxicology Pub Date : 2025-08-20 DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2025.115710

Weiqin Xing , Zhexu Si , James A. Ippolito , Guobing Lin , Farzana Kastury , Sen Ma , Kunyan Qiu , Linlin Zhao , Lena Q. Ma , Liping Li

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Abstract

Fermentation can increase the availability of heavy metals in wheat flour, however, its effect on the health risk of heavy metal contaminated wheat flour has not been fully investigated. A contaminated wheat flour (Pb = 0.26, Cd = 0.35 mg kg⁻¹) was fermented with yeast at 30 °C for 1 h, made into mantou and fed to mice for 14 days; a control without fermentation was also utilized. The mouse organ/tissue and feces were analyzed for Pb, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn concentrations, and phytate concentrations of the fermented and unfermented wheat flour were also measured. Results indicated that mice fed contaminated fermented flour had 100 % greater liver and kidney Cd concentrations, and significantly greater liver Zn (9.40 %), kidney Pb (40.3 %) and Ni concentrations (40.6 %) than mice fed contaminated unfermented flour. Cadmium relative bioavailability of the contaminated fermented flour was 100 % greater than that in the contaminated unfermented flour. Thirteen days post-metal exposure, significantly lower Cd and Mn concentrations were found in feces from mice fed contaminated fermented flour than unfermented flour. Overall, results suggest a potential increased health risk of Pb and Cd contaminated wheat flour consumption following fermentation.

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食用受Cd和Pb污染的发酵小麦粉会增加潜在的健康风险

发酵可增加小麦粉中重金属的可得性，但其对重金属污染小麦粉健康风险的影响尚未得到充分研究。将污染的小麦粉（Pb = 0.26, Cd = 0.35 mg kg - 1）用酵母在30℃下发酵1 h，制成馒头，饲喂小鼠14 d；同时采用不发酵的对照。测定小鼠脏器组织和粪便中Pb、Cd、Cu、Mn、Ni、Zn的含量，测定发酵和未发酵小麦粉中植酸盐的含量。结果表明，与未发酵面粉相比，食用发酵面粉污染小鼠的肝脏和肾脏Cd浓度提高100%，肝脏Zn（9.40%）、肾脏Pb（40.3%）和Ni浓度显著提高（40.6%）。污染发酵面粉的镉相对生物利用度比未发酵面粉高100%。金属接触13天后，用受污染的发酵面粉喂养的小鼠粪便中的Cd和Mn浓度显著低于未发酵面粉。总体而言，结果表明发酵后食用受铅和镉污染的小麦粉可能会增加健康风险。

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来源期刊

Food and Chemical Toxicology 工程技术-毒理学

CiteScore

10.90

自引率

4.70%

发文量

651

审稿时长

31 days

期刊介绍： Food and Chemical Toxicology (FCT), an internationally renowned journal, that publishes original research articles and reviews on toxic effects, in animals and humans, of natural or synthetic chemicals occurring in the human environment with particular emphasis on food, drugs, and chemicals, including agricultural and industrial safety, and consumer product safety. Areas such as safety evaluation of novel foods and ingredients, biotechnologically-derived products, and nanomaterials are included in the scope of the journal. FCT also encourages submission of papers on inter-relationships between nutrition and toxicology and on in vitro techniques, particularly those fostering the 3 Rs. The principal aim of the journal is to publish high impact, scholarly work and to serve as a multidisciplinary forum for research in toxicology. Papers submitted will be judged on the basis of scientific originality and contribution to the field, quality and subject matter. Studies should address at least one of the following: -Adverse physiological/biochemical, or pathological changes induced by specific defined substances -New techniques for assessing potential toxicity, including molecular biology -Mechanisms underlying toxic phenomena -Toxicological examinations of specific chemicals or consumer products, both those showing adverse effects and those demonstrating safety, that meet current standards of scientific acceptability. Authors must clearly and briefly identify what novel toxic effect (s) or toxic mechanism (s) of the chemical are being reported and what their significance is in the abstract. Furthermore, sufficient doses should be included in order to provide information on NOAEL/LOAEL values.