Functionally graded molybdenum cladding on 316L stainless steel via laser-powder directed energy deposition

IF 4.6 2区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials Pub Date : 2025-08-21 DOI:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107393

Qianwen Zhang, Xiaoyuan Lou

{"title":"Functionally graded molybdenum cladding on 316L stainless steel via laser-powder directed energy deposition","authors":"Qianwen Zhang, Xiaoyuan Lou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107393","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study investigated the employment of laser-powder directed energy deposition (LP-DED) additive manufacturing (AM) to produce Mo cladding on 316L stainless steel (SS). The formation of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at the Mo-SS interface leads to mechanical degradation and cracking during laser solidification. This study investigates strategies to minimize IMCs formation by optimizing deposition parameters, implementing compositionally graded transitions, and refining process control. Three deposition strategies were examined: direct Mo deposition, continuously graded transition, and discontinuously graded transition. The study demonstrated the dense pure Mo can be achieved by optimizing deposition parameters. Continuously graded deposition resulted in delamination at 40–50 wt% Mo due to peak Laves phase formation, whereas the discontinuously graded approach effectively bypassed critical IMC-forming regions, reducing crack width and depth. Despite the improvements, residual cracking persisted due to thermal accumulation effects, necessitating further process refinements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107393"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436825003580","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

The study investigated the employment of laser-powder directed energy deposition (LP-DED) additive manufacturing (AM) to produce Mo cladding on 316L stainless steel (SS). The formation of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at the Mo-SS interface leads to mechanical degradation and cracking during laser solidification. This study investigates strategies to minimize IMCs formation by optimizing deposition parameters, implementing compositionally graded transitions, and refining process control. Three deposition strategies were examined: direct Mo deposition, continuously graded transition, and discontinuously graded transition. The study demonstrated the dense pure Mo can be achieved by optimizing deposition parameters. Continuously graded deposition resulted in delamination at 40–50 wt% Mo due to peak Laves phase formation, whereas the discontinuously graded approach effectively bypassed critical IMC-forming regions, reducing crack width and depth. Despite the improvements, residual cracking persisted due to thermal accumulation effects, necessitating further process refinements.

查看原文本刊更多论文

激光粉末定向能沉积在316L不锈钢上的功能梯度钼包层

研究了采用激光粉末定向能沉积（LP-DED）增材制造（AM）技术在316L不锈钢（SS）上制备Mo包层。在激光凝固过程中，Mo-SS界面处形成脆性金属间化合物（IMCs）导致材料的力学退化和开裂。本研究探讨了通过优化沉积参数、实现成分梯度转变和改进过程控制来减少IMCs形成的策略。研究了三种沉积策略：直接Mo沉积、连续渐变过渡和非连续渐变过渡。研究表明，通过优化沉积参数可以获得致密的纯Mo。连续梯度沉积在40-50 wt% Mo时，由于Laves相形成的峰值导致分层，而非连续梯度沉积方法有效地绕过了关键的imc形成区域，减小了裂纹宽度和深度。尽管有所改进，但由于热积累效应，残余裂纹仍然存在，需要进一步改进工艺。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

$International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials$

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

7.00

自引率

13.90%

发文量

236

审稿时长

35 days

期刊介绍： The International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials (IJRMHM) publishes original research articles concerned with all aspects of refractory metals and hard materials. Refractory metals are defined as metals with melting points higher than 1800 °C. These are tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, tantalum, niobium, hafnium, and rhenium, as well as many compounds and alloys based thereupon. Hard materials that are included in the scope of this journal are defined as materials with hardness values higher than 1000 kg/mm2, primarily intended for applications as manufacturing tools or wear resistant components in mechanical systems. Thus they encompass carbides, nitrides and borides of metals, and related compounds. A special focus of this journal is put on the family of hardmetals, which is also known as cemented tungsten carbide, and cermets which are based on titanium carbide and carbonitrides with or without a metal binder. Ceramics and superhard materials including diamond and cubic boron nitride may also be accepted provided the subject material is presented as hard materials as defined above.