Solo Versus Tandem Cycling Performance: The Whole Is Less Than the Sum of the Parts

Abstract

Tandem cycling is a Paralympic discipline where two cyclists share one bicycle and requires synchronization and shared effort. In this study, we investigated how individual performance on a solo bicycle compares to tandem cycling. Twelve trained cyclists, that were unfamiliar with tandem cycling, completed a submaximal cycling test, a 30 s Wingate test, and a 10 min time trial under solo and tandem conditions. Performance metrics included gross efficiency, maximal power output, mean power output, heart rate, and cadence. The results showed that mean power output during the 10 min time trial was significantly lower on a tandem than on a solo bicycle (257 ± 66 W vs. 282 ± 80 W and p = 0.004), whereas cadence was higher (102.0 ± 7.7 rpm vs. 93.6 ± 4.7 rpm and p = 0.002). Gross efficiency, maximal power output, mean power output over 30 s, and heart rate over 10 min did not differ significantly between solo and tandem cycling. These findings suggest that although tandem cycling influences cadence and power, it does not reduce efficiency or short-duration maximal performance. Given the differences in power output and cadence, coaches and athletes should carefully interpret solo cycling performance metrics when applied to tandem racing and training, especially in novice tandem cyclists. Future research should investigate the role of power output matching and tandem experience, and further explore the interaction between pilot and stoker to optimize performance outcomes.