{"title":"Improved tough and conductive polyacrylamide/sodium alginate dual-network hydrogel by ionic liquid for flexible capacitor and multifunctional sensor","authors":"Xiang Liu, Yuxin Deng, Ping Wang, Hongyu Tang, Shuangqing Li, Zheng Xing","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04534-6","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The utilization of hydrogels in the domain of flexible capacitors (FCs) and multifunctional sensors (MSs) has attained considerable prevalence. However, balancing the various properties of such versatile hydrogels remains a major challenge. In the present study, a novel xIL/PAM/SA dual-network hydrogel composed of polyacrylamide/sodium alginate (PAM/SA) and an ionic liquid (IL) 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydroxide ([BMIM][OH]) is proposed. The OH<sup>−</sup> in the IL inhibits the protonation of -NH<sub>2</sub> groups on the polymer chain and avoids the reduction of the number of hydrogen bonds in the system due to the formation of -NH<sup>3+</sup>, thus enhancing the strength of the network. The results showed that the series of tough hydrogels had high tensile strength (386.64 kPa), elongation at break (338.16%), and toughness (670.83 kJ/m<sup>3</sup>). Moreover, the rich functionality such as capacitive performance (198.5 mF/cm<sup>2</sup>), water retention performance (LR = 25.4%), temperature sensitivity (GF = 2.12), and strain sensitivity (GF = 4.56), make it have broad application potential. This work improves the traditional dual-network hydrogels by ionic liquids (ILs) and provides a feasible idea for the design of multi-functional tough conductive hydrogels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Polymer Research","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10965-025-04534-6","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"POLYMER SCIENCE","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The utilization of hydrogels in the domain of flexible capacitors (FCs) and multifunctional sensors (MSs) has attained considerable prevalence. However, balancing the various properties of such versatile hydrogels remains a major challenge. In the present study, a novel xIL/PAM/SA dual-network hydrogel composed of polyacrylamide/sodium alginate (PAM/SA) and an ionic liquid (IL) 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydroxide ([BMIM][OH]) is proposed. The OH− in the IL inhibits the protonation of -NH2 groups on the polymer chain and avoids the reduction of the number of hydrogen bonds in the system due to the formation of -NH3+, thus enhancing the strength of the network. The results showed that the series of tough hydrogels had high tensile strength (386.64 kPa), elongation at break (338.16%), and toughness (670.83 kJ/m3). Moreover, the rich functionality such as capacitive performance (198.5 mF/cm2), water retention performance (LR = 25.4%), temperature sensitivity (GF = 2.12), and strain sensitivity (GF = 4.56), make it have broad application potential. This work improves the traditional dual-network hydrogels by ionic liquids (ILs) and provides a feasible idea for the design of multi-functional tough conductive hydrogels.
期刊介绍:
Journal of Polymer Research provides a forum for the prompt publication of articles concerning the fundamental and applied research of polymers. Its great feature lies in the diversity of content which it encompasses, drawing together results from all aspects of polymer science and technology.
As polymer research is rapidly growing around the globe, the aim of this journal is to establish itself as a significant information tool not only for the international polymer researchers in academia but also for those working in industry. The scope of the journal covers a wide range of the highly interdisciplinary field of polymer science and technology, including:
polymer synthesis;
polymer reactions;
polymerization kinetics;
polymer physics;
morphology;
structure-property relationships;
polymer analysis and characterization;
physical and mechanical properties;
electrical and optical properties;
polymer processing and rheology;
application of polymers;
supramolecular science of polymers;
polymer composites.