Direct Optical Processing of Electrochromic Materials for Non-emissive Displays

Abstract

The rapid evolution of human–machine interaction frameworks and global digitization initiatives has imposed heightened requirements for intelligent display systems. Electrochromic (EC) non-emissive displays, which dynamically modulate optical properties (e.g., color, absorption, transmittance) via electrochemically driven redox processes, represent a significant advancement in next-generation display architectures. These systems inherently have advantages including ultralow power consumption, sunlight-readable contrast, eye comfort, optical transparency, and mechanical flexibility. Nevertheless, their practical implementation remains constrained by undesirable spatial resolution and EC performances.

The direct optical processing strategy has emerged as a paradigm-shifting approach, facilitating photochemical modification of EC functional materials through noncontact photoirradiation protocols. This strategy demonstrates unparalleled capabilities in resolution control and scalable manufacturing throughput. Furthermore, on-demand precision engineering of EC materials via in situ photoactivated cross-linking, bond cleavage, and polymerization enables systematic optimization of electro-optical responsiveness and multidimensional functional integration. These features position direct optical processing as a foundational methodology for high-precision display fabrication, directly addressing EC resolution and performance bottlenecks.

In this Account, we present a comprehensive overview of our recent advances in direct optical processing protocols for EC material systems in non-emissive display applications. By correlating material structural characteristics with photochemical mechanisms, we analyze three systematic processing approaches: matrix-engineered lithography, covalent-engineered lithography, and surface-engineered lithography. Then we introduce corresponding single-pixel addressing capabilities based on passive or active matrix driving modes. The discussion subsequently evaluates the positive enhancement of EC performance in electro-optical modulation dynamics and durability enabled by direct optical processing while elucidating the mechanistic relationship between optical processing parameters and device functionality. Additionally, extended applications in ultra-fine displays, flexible wearable electronics, optical communications, and integrated multifunctional applications are outlined. This Account concludes with a forward-looking roadmap for commercialization, highlighting synergistic opportunities between EC material innovations and advanced direct optical processing platforms to accelerate the realization of EC non-emissive display technologies.