Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Utilizing Marine Mollusk Waste

Abstract

This experiment utilized oceanic mollusks, including Oliva sayana, Babylonia japonica, and Conasprella bermudensis, to synthesize hydroxyapatite (HAp). Orthophosphoric acid was reacted with the powdered components of marine mollusks, resulting in spherical and nanorod HAp. Every element was found to be HAp after the particles were examined utilizing a range of methods, including Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, and EDX. On the basis of calculations using different models, the estimated crystallite size ranged from 8 to 150 nm. The study also analyzed crystallographic factors, including intrinsic stress (−1 × 10⁶ N/m² to 2 × 10⁶ Nm⁻²), microstrain (−2 × 10⁻⁴ to 4 × 10⁻⁴), and energy density (−10.73 to 19.53 J/m³). This research suggests that marine mollusk shells could serve as an additional source for HAp production.