Evaluation of point-of-use drinking water treatment performance for typical per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in tap water†

IF 3.1 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL
Yangyuan Ji, Tao Yuan, Zhenjin li, Yanan Xing, Yan Cao, Xiaoli Zhao, Xinyue Ma, Zhemin Shen, Shuangqing Hu and Genxiang Shen
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Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been frequently found in surface water, groundwater and tap water, and drinking water intake was an important route of exposure. Because of the implementation of the Chinese Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB 5749-2022) and the possible health risks, the PFAS level in tap water and the efficacy of preventive measures and point-of-use treatments needed further verification. In this study, we assessed PFAS contamination in municipal tap water (September 2023–August 2024 in Shanghai) and evaluated mitigation strategies. The concentration of ∑PFAS ranged from 45.2 to 155.6 ng L−1, and was dominated by PFOA, PFBS, PFHxA, and PFBA. While all samples complied with China's current PFOA/PFOS regulations of drinking water, emerging health concerns warrant attention. The point-of-use treatment results showed that boiling and ultrafiltration (UF) are not effective in removing PFASs from tap water, while activated carbon/ion exchange resin filter jugs removed about 54.6% of ∑PFAS, but were still unsatisfactory. Compared to low removal in UF, reverse osmosis (RO) demonstrated near-complete elimination (>99%) through membrane rejection (52–79% contribution). All the analyzed bottled water was safe to drink. The exposure risk assessment found that infants and children had a higher daily intake of PFASs from drinking water, while RO and bottled water were effective in reducing the exposure risk. These findings highlight the need for enhanced drinking water treatment optimization and regulatory updates to address evolving PFAS contamination challenges.

Abstract Image

自来水中典型全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质的使用点饮用水处理性能评价
在地表水、地下水和自来水中经常发现全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFASs),而饮用水是一个重要的接触途径。由于《中国饮用水质量标准》(GB 5749-2022)的实施和可能存在的健康风险,自来水中PFAS的含量以及预防措施和使用点处理的效果有待进一步验证。在本研究中,我们评估了上海市自来水中的PFAS污染(2023年9月至2024年8月),并评估了缓解策略。∑PFAS浓度为45.2 ~ 155.6 ng L−1,以PFOA、PFBS、PFHxA和PFBA为主。虽然所有样品都符合中国现行的饮用水全氟辛烷磺酸/全氟辛烷磺酸法规,但新出现的健康问题值得关注。沸煮和超滤对自来水中∑PFAS的去除率均不理想,而活性炭/离子交换树脂滤罐对∑PFAS的去除率约为54.6%,但仍不理想。与UF的低去除率相比,反渗透(RO)通过膜排斥(贡献52-79%)表现出近乎完全的去除(>99%)。所有经过分析的瓶装水都可以安全饮用。暴露风险评估发现,婴儿和儿童每天从饮用水中摄入的全氟辛烷含量较高,而RO和瓶装水可有效降低全氟辛烷的暴露风险。这些发现强调了加强饮用水处理优化和法规更新的必要性,以应对不断变化的PFAS污染挑战。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology
Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL SC-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
CiteScore
8.60
自引率
4.00%
发文量
206
期刊介绍: Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology seeks to showcase high quality research about fundamental science, innovative technologies, and management practices that promote sustainable water.
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