Concrete 3D printing and digital fabrication technologies for bridge construction

Abstract

This paper reviews the current state of 3D concrete printing (3DCP) and digital fabrication technologies, with a focus on their applicability to bridge construction. Four major categories, including extrusion-based, particle-based, shotcrete-based 3DCP and digital casting, are analyzed in terms of process integration and limitations. Recent innovations in concrete handling process and advanced nozzle-based mixing technologies are emphasized, which address the long-standing conflict between pumpability and buildability in digital concrete. Representative case studies illustrate the structural diversity, reinforcement strategies, and implementation challenges of 3D-printed bridges. These examples also highlight the transformative potential and the current limitations of 3DCP. Several key challenges are identified, including anisotropic mechanical behavior, material sustainability, on-site assembly and construction process, and the absence of established design standards. With continued advancements in material science, digital workflows, and interdisciplinary collaboration, 3DCP and other digital methods hold the potential to reshape future bridge construction through enhanced efficiency, flexibility, and sustainability.