Giant Unicystic Ameloblastoma in a Teenager of Azande Tribe: A Clinical Case Report.

Abstract

Ameloblastoma, a locally aggressive benign odontogenic tumor, represents about 1% of jaw tumors. While typically affecting adults aged 30-60, this case highlights its occurrence in a 17-year-old. Incidence varies globally, with lower rates in non-African populations (around 0.5 per million annually) compared to higher prevalence in Nigeria and South Africa, where Black populations show increased susceptibility. Limited epidemiological data from sub-Saharan Africa, including Uganda, likely underestimates the burden due to underreporting in rural areas with poor healthcare access. A 17-year-old female of the Azande tribe, Bantu ethnicity, presented with a four-year history of a massive, painless right mandibular swelling causing significant facial asymmetry. Examination revealed a large mass (13.8 x 11.5 x 11 cm). A CT scan indicated a unilocular cystic lesion. Histopathology confirmed ameloblastoma with follicular and plexiform patterns. The patient underwent a right total hemi-mandibulectomy, and the excised tumor (19 x 16×10 cm) was classified as an intraluminal unicystic ameloblastoma. This case emphasizes the presentation of a giant unicystic ameloblastoma in a young individual from sub-Saharan Africa, a demographic often underreported. The delayed presentation and substantial tumor size underscore diagnostic and management challenges in resource-limited settings. This report highlights the need for enhanced awareness and improved healthcare access for timely intervention in these populations. Vigilant long-term follow-up is essential due to the tumor's recurrence potential.