Epigenetic mechanisms enhance aflatoxin resistance in peanut crops (Arachis hypogaea L.) through genomic and epigenomic approaches

Abstract

Aflatoxin contamination in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) presents significant risks to human health and economic stability. While epigenetic mechanisms offer potential for resistance, critical gaps hinder their practical application. This review explores the role of epigenetic mechanisms in enhancing aflatoxin resistance in peanuts. This study involved an analysis of the literature on the role of epigenetic modifications in regulating peanut defense-related genes against Aspergillus flavus. This included reviewing progress in epigenome-wide association studies and CRISPR–dCas9-mediated editing technologies, which allow the modification of resistance genes without changing the plant core genetic structure. Significant developments have been made in employing epigenetic mechanisms to improve resilience in other crops. These approaches have the potential to improve resistance to aflatoxin-producing fungi. However, few field studies have validated the long-term effectiveness of epigenetic modifications. Research must focus on establishing stable resistance traits across diverse environments. The absence of standardized protocols for peanut-specific modifications complicates progress. The heritability and environmental stability of epigenetic marks in peanuts remain unclear. Current studies have focused primarily on a limited range of peanut genotypes, emphasizing the need for research across diverse genetic backgrounds to ensure broader applicability. Furthermore, a unified model linking epigenetic mechanisms with aflatoxin resistance is needed to bridge molecular findings with practical breeding applications. Consequently, addressing these gaps through interdisciplinary approaches and research will enable the development of resilient and aflatoxin-resistant peanut varieties. Thus, overcoming these challenges will contribute significantly to global food security, sustainable agriculture, and the long-term stability of peanut production in diverse environments.