Effect of N-Acetylcysteine on Oxidative Stress and Hematological Recovery in Dogs with Babesia Gibsoni Infection

Abstract

Babesia gibsoni infection in dogs causes hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and systemic inflammation, with many cases progressing to chronic or relapsing forms due to persistent parasitemia and oxidative stress. This study evaluated the clinical, hematobiochemical, and oxidative changes associated with B. gibsoni infection and assessed the therapeutic benefit of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as an adjunct to triple therapy. Nineteen dogs confirmed positive for B. gibsoni via blood smear and PCR were identified; however, only twelve Labrador Retrievers of similar age (2–3 years) were enrolled for treatment to minimize variability in breed and age. The remaining dogs were excluded due to different breeds or incomplete treatment. Six healthy controls were also included. Infected animals exhibited significant alterations in leukocyte count, erythrocyte indices, platelet count, and urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) compared to healthy controls, indicating systemic inflammation and renal involvement. Twelve infected dogs were randomly assigned to two groups: Group I received the triple therapy (doxycycline, clindamycin, metronidazole), while Group II received the same treatment with oral NAC (70 mg/kg for 5 days). Clinical, hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress parameters were reassessed on Day 21. Both groups showed improvement post-treatment; however, Group II demonstrated greater recovery, including higher RBC counts, hemoglobin levels, platelet counts, and serum antioxidant capacity, along with reduced bilirubin and UPC levels. Mann–Whitney U test on Day 21 revealed significant improvements in serum antioxidant activity and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in Group II (p < 0.05). Although other parameters did not reach statistical significance, several showed favorable trends toward improvement in the NAC group. These findings suggest that NAC supplementation enhances hematological recovery, reduces oxidative stress, and supports renal function in dogs with babesiosis. Given its favorable impact, NAC may serve as a valuable adjunct in managing canine babesiosis, particularly in cases with suspected or confirmed oxidative injury. Further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended.