Comparative study of ultrasound-assisted ZnCl2, LiBr, and choline chloride/lactic acid pretreatments for cellulose extraction from sea mango (Cerbera odollam) fibre waste, followed by ball milling: yield and physicochemical analysis
Hamid-Reza Alizadeh, Jibrail Kansedo, Inn Shi Tan, Yie Hua Tan, Emma Suali, Ali Dini
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Abstract
The scientific community is increasingly focused on developing bio-based materials to substitute non-renewable and petroleum-derived resources that pose environmental risks. This study explores the use of non-edible sea mango (Cerberaodollam) fibre waste as a source for cellulose and lignin extraction. Three types of ultrasound-assisted solvent systems were investigated, including zinc chloride, lithium bromide, and a deep eutectic solvent composed of choline chloride and lactic acid, followed by either dry or wet post-ball milling. Extracted lignin using an alkaline process was used to determine optimal solvent concentration and temperature for effective lignin dissolution. The most efficient conditions for lignin dissolution were found to be 40 wt% zinc chloride at 65 °C, 50 wt% lithium bromide at 80 °C, and a 1:10 molar ratio of choline chloride to lactic acid at 80 °C. Under optimized conditions developed by response surface methodology, the maximum cellulose yield obtained was 87.23%, with lignin and hemicellulose contents reduced to 4.10% and 3.95%, respectively, using the choline chloride/lactic acid solvent. The integration of wet post-ball milling further enhanced the cellulose content to 93.80%, representing a 3.04% improvement over dry milling. Successful cellulose extraction was confirmed through characterization, including functional groups, crystallinity index, morphological structure, and thermal stability analyses. Key findings included the detection of hydroxy, alkyl, and ether functional groups, an increase in crystallinity from 57.54 to 77.77%, and smoother fiber morphology comparable to commercial cellulose. These results highlight the potential of sea mango fibre waste as a viable and sustainable source of cellulose using environmentally friendly pretreatment.
期刊介绍：
Cellulose is an international journal devoted to the dissemination of research and scientific and technological progress in the field of cellulose and related naturally occurring polymers. The journal is concerned with the pure and applied science of cellulose and related materials, and also with the development of relevant new technologies. This includes the chemistry, biochemistry, physics and materials science of cellulose and its sources, including wood and other biomass resources, and their derivatives. Coverage extends to the conversion of these polymers and resources into manufactured goods, such as pulp, paper, textiles, and manufactured as well natural fibers, and to the chemistry of materials used in their processing. Cellulose publishes review articles, research papers, and technical notes.
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