{"title":"Determination of finite-strain consolidation properties from one-dimensional CRD testing","authors":"Weiyu Wang, Guohui Lei, Meng Cui, Shengming Hu","doi":"10.1007/s11440-025-02644-5","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A review of five national standards for one-dimensional constant rate of displacement (CRD) consolidation tests reveals remarkable inconsistencies in the formulas used for determining the consolidation properties of soils under large deformations. The determination of finite-strain consolidation properties requires a large deformation consolidation analysis, and vice versa. To meet this requirement, natural strain and effective stress, which are work-conjugate pairs in the Eulerian framework, are selected to model the large deformation behavior of soils subjected to CRD testing. A simplified analytical model is built based on the assumption that the natural strain profile is parabolic. With this model, formulas are derived for determining the hydraulic conductivity, the coefficient of volume compressibility, and the coefficient of consolidation. A generalized numerical model is established by solving a normalized governing equation under known moving boundary conditions with a finite difference scheme, which uses an adaptive grid deformation technique to eliminate the convective term present in the material time derivative. The simplified analytical model is verified against the generalized numerical model. The parabolic natural strain profile assumption is shown to be valid for tests performed at normalized displacement rates less than 0.1, with an acceptable (≥ 99%) accuracy after a soil specimen is deformed to an engineering strain of 3.83%. CRD and incremental loading consolidation tests and permeability tests are carried out and used to validate the proposed formulas. The results show good agreement. However, disagreement is observed when the formulas in the standards are used to determine the consolidation properties, and the degree of disagreement increases with increasing soil deformation. This finding further justifies the necessity of the proposed formulas for determining finite-strain consolidation properties from CRD consolidation tests.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49308,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geotechnica","volume":"20 9","pages":"4483 - 4502"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Acta Geotechnica","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11440-025-02644-5","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
A review of five national standards for one-dimensional constant rate of displacement (CRD) consolidation tests reveals remarkable inconsistencies in the formulas used for determining the consolidation properties of soils under large deformations. The determination of finite-strain consolidation properties requires a large deformation consolidation analysis, and vice versa. To meet this requirement, natural strain and effective stress, which are work-conjugate pairs in the Eulerian framework, are selected to model the large deformation behavior of soils subjected to CRD testing. A simplified analytical model is built based on the assumption that the natural strain profile is parabolic. With this model, formulas are derived for determining the hydraulic conductivity, the coefficient of volume compressibility, and the coefficient of consolidation. A generalized numerical model is established by solving a normalized governing equation under known moving boundary conditions with a finite difference scheme, which uses an adaptive grid deformation technique to eliminate the convective term present in the material time derivative. The simplified analytical model is verified against the generalized numerical model. The parabolic natural strain profile assumption is shown to be valid for tests performed at normalized displacement rates less than 0.1, with an acceptable (≥ 99%) accuracy after a soil specimen is deformed to an engineering strain of 3.83%. CRD and incremental loading consolidation tests and permeability tests are carried out and used to validate the proposed formulas. The results show good agreement. However, disagreement is observed when the formulas in the standards are used to determine the consolidation properties, and the degree of disagreement increases with increasing soil deformation. This finding further justifies the necessity of the proposed formulas for determining finite-strain consolidation properties from CRD consolidation tests.
期刊介绍：
Acta Geotechnica is an international journal devoted to the publication and dissemination of basic and applied research in geoengineering – an interdisciplinary field dealing with geomaterials such as soils and rocks. Coverage emphasizes the interplay between geomechanical models and their engineering applications. The journal presents original research papers on fundamental concepts in geomechanics and their novel applications in geoengineering based on experimental, analytical and/or numerical approaches. The main purpose of the journal is to foster understanding of the fundamental mechanisms behind the phenomena and processes in geomaterials, from kilometer-scale problems as they occur in geoscience, and down to the nano-scale, with their potential impact on geoengineering. The journal strives to report and archive progress in the field in a timely manner, presenting research papers, review articles, short notes and letters to the editors.
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