Combinatorial mapping of high-temperature oxidation in SS316L–IN718 dissimilar alloys printed by laser-directed energy deposition

IF 11.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Additive manufacturing Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI:10.1016/j.addma.2025.104932

Mustafa Kas , Oguzhan Yilmaz , Wei Xiong

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) enable the investigation of oxidation behavior across variable compositions, allowing efficient evaluation of how gradual changes in alloy content influence high-temperature performance. In this study, stainless steel 316 L (SS316L) and Inconel 718 (IN718) were combined to produce both a nine-layer gradient FGM and a bimetallic sample via laser-directed energy deposition (LDED). After prolonged high-temperature exposure to 500 h at 850 °C in air, the effects of composition and interface design on oxidation resistance were systematically examined using localized analysis of oxide scale formation and microstructural evolution. A clear improvement in oxidation resistance and oxide adhesion was observed above a threshold of 30 wt.% IN718 in the FGM with gradient composition. At the same time, the abrupt transition in bimetallic print did not result in severe spallation due to interdiffusion at the interface. The results further reveal that an intermediate IN718 region (10–20 wt.%) is prone to solidification cracks that promote internal oxidation, and that, in the IN718-rich areas (70–100 wt.%), microhardness decreases after oxidation due to the dissolution of strengthening phases (γ'/γ'') and grain coarsening. This combinatorial and composition-sensitive approach, utilizing FGMs, offers valuable new insights for designing oxidation-resistant materials for high-temperature applications.

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激光定向能沉积法打印SS316L-IN718异种合金高温氧化组合作图

功能梯度材料（fgm）可以研究不同成分的氧化行为，从而有效评估合金含量的逐渐变化对高温性能的影响。本研究将不锈钢316 L （SS316L）和Inconel 718 （IN718）结合，通过激光定向能沉积（LDED）制备了九层梯度FGM和双金属样品。在850°C的空气中长时间高温暴露于500 h后，通过对氧化垢形成和微观结构演变的局部分析，系统地研究了成分和界面设计对抗氧化性的影响。在30 wt以上的阈值上观察到抗氧化性和氧化物粘附性的明显改善。% IN718在FGM中有梯度组成。同时，双金属印花的突变没有由于界面处的相互扩散而导致严重的剥落。结果进一步表明，在中间IN718区域（10-20 wt.%）容易产生促进内部氧化的凝固裂纹，而在富含IN718区域（70-100 wt.%）容易产生促进内部氧化的凝固裂纹。%)，氧化后由于强化相（γ′/γ”）的溶解和晶粒粗化，显微硬度降低。这种组合和成分敏感的方法，利用fgm，为设计高温应用的抗氧化材料提供了有价值的新见解。

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来源期刊

Additive manufacturing Materials Science-General Materials Science

CiteScore

19.80

自引率

12.70%

发文量

648

审稿时长

35 days

期刊介绍： Additive Manufacturing stands as a peer-reviewed journal dedicated to delivering high-quality research papers and reviews in the field of additive manufacturing, serving both academia and industry leaders. The journal's objective is to recognize the innovative essence of additive manufacturing and its diverse applications, providing a comprehensive overview of current developments and future prospects. The transformative potential of additive manufacturing technologies in product design and manufacturing is poised to disrupt traditional approaches. In response to this paradigm shift, a distinctive and comprehensive publication outlet was essential. Additive Manufacturing fulfills this need, offering a platform for engineers, materials scientists, and practitioners across academia and various industries to document and share innovations in these evolving technologies.