Raman Spectroscopy for Nitrate Detection in Water: A Review of the Current State of Art

IF 4.6 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL
Lorenzo Luciani, Antonio Nocera, Michela Raimondi, Gianluca Ciattaglia, Susanna Spinsante, Ennio Gambi and Rossana Galassi*, 
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The contamination of natural basins by agricultural or industrial activities, and the growing need for potable water due to climate changes accelerate the drive to find versatile, fast, practical, and easy-to-use methods for water analysis. A potentially versatile technique suitable for water analysis is Raman Spectroscopy (RS). Featured by good resolution but low sensitivity, RS detects molecular vibrational modes of an analyte in water. Nitrate is an indicator of chemical and/or biological pollution, it displays Raman active vibrational modes affected by the interaction with other systems in solution, allowing a wide range of applications. Concerning Nitrate analysis in water, a general introduction to the Raman effect and the basic instrumentation were herein discussed. RS is a potential solution to wastewater analysis. This review first reports the theoretical background of the technique and its basic working principles, then, the state-of-the-art scientific contributions related to Nitrate detection are investigated with a particular interest in the instrumental setup and the chemometric techniques employed to improve its sensitivity. In the studies hereby considered, instrumental setup (for example, laser frequency, laser power, acquisition times) and different technical solutions (for example, micro- versus macro-Raman instruments) to increase the technique’s sensitivity on Nitrate detection are described. Concisely, the use of deep-UV lasers, optically active Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) or Fiber-Enhanced Raman spectroscopy (FERS) equipment, coupled with instrumental settings, i.e. acquisition time, variable temperature of acquisition, use of special sampling apparatus (cuvettes or immersion probes), or with ion exchange resins for analyte enrichment, have been reported. Remarkably, examples of large data correction of unwanted fluorescence by mathematical processing or chemical quenching were reported too, suggesting solutions for the Raman analysis of wastewaters. Finally, a short digression on Machine Learning (ML) applied to RS is proposed, showing the promising results reported in other fields. Data-driven methods could be a solution to improve the low sensitivity of the RS for Nitrate detection. Hence, an approach of ML methods for the typical RS spectra processing (spike removal, baseline correction, fluorescence curve elimination, instrumental noise correction) was hereby mentioned, suggesting an improvement in the detection capability of Nitrate ion in water.

拉曼光谱法检测水中硝酸盐的研究进展
农业或工业活动对天然盆地的污染,以及气候变化对饮用水日益增长的需求,加速了寻找多功能、快速、实用和易于使用的水分析方法的动力。一种适用于水分析的潜在通用技术是拉曼光谱(RS)。RS具有分辨率好、灵敏度低的特点,可检测水中分析物的分子振动模式。硝酸盐是化学和/或生物污染的指示器,它显示受溶液中其他系统相互作用影响的拉曼主动振动模式,允许广泛的应用。本文对水中硝酸盐的分析,拉曼效应和基本仪器作了简要介绍。RS是一种潜在的污水分析解决方案。本综述首先报告了该技术的理论背景及其基本工作原理,然后,研究了与硝酸盐检测相关的最新科学贡献,特别关注仪器设置和用于提高其灵敏度的化学计量技术。在本文考虑的研究中,描述了仪器设置(例如,激光频率,激光功率,采集时间)和不同的技术解决方案(例如,微观与宏观拉曼仪器),以提高技术对硝酸盐检测的灵敏度。简而言之,使用深紫外激光器,光学活性表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)或光纤增强拉曼光谱(FERS)设备,加上仪器设置,即采集时间,可变采集温度,使用特殊采样设备(试管或浸入式探针),或使用离子交换树脂进行分析物富集,已经有报道。值得注意的是,还报告了通过数学处理或化学淬火对不需要的荧光进行大数据校正的例子,为废水的拉曼分析提供了解决方案。最后,简要介绍了机器学习(ML)在RS中的应用,展示了在其他领域报道的有希望的结果。数据驱动方法可以解决RS检测硝酸盐低灵敏度的问题。因此,本文提出了一种典型RS光谱处理(去除尖峰、基线校正、荧光曲线消除、仪器噪声校正)的ML方法,提高了水中硝酸盐离子的检测能力。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
ACS Measurement Science Au
ACS Measurement Science Au 化学计量学-
CiteScore
5.20
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
期刊介绍: ACS Measurement Science Au is an open access journal that publishes experimental computational or theoretical research in all areas of chemical measurement science. Short letters comprehensive articles reviews and perspectives are welcome on topics that report on any phase of analytical operations including sampling measurement and data analysis. This includes:Chemical Reactions and SelectivityChemometrics and Data ProcessingElectrochemistryElemental and Molecular CharacterizationImagingInstrumentationMass SpectrometryMicroscale and Nanoscale systemsOmics (Genomics Proteomics Metabonomics Metabolomics and Bioinformatics)Sensors and Sensing (Biosensors Chemical Sensors Gas Sensors Intracellular Sensors Single-Molecule Sensors Cell Chips Arrays Microfluidic Devices)SeparationsSpectroscopySurface analysisPapers dealing with established methods need to offer a significantly improved original application of the method.
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