Weighted prefix normal words

Abstract

A prefix normal word is a binary word whose prefixes contain at least as many 1s as any of its factors of the same length. Introduced by Fici and Lipták in 2011, the notion of prefix normality has been, thus far, only defined for words over the binary alphabet. In this work we investigate a generalisation for finite words over arbitrary finite alphabets, namely weighted prefix normality. We prove that weighted prefix normality is more expressive than binary prefix normality. Furthermore, we investigate the existence of a weighted prefix normal form, since weighted prefix normality comes with several new peculiarities that did not already occur in the binary case. We characterise these issues and finally present a standard technique to obtain a generalised prefix normal form for all words over arbitrary, finite alphabets. Additionally, we show a collection of results for the language of those prefix normal forms and extend the connection to Lyndon words and pre-necklaces to the general alphabet.