{"title":"Activity in serotonergic axons in visuomotor areas of cortex is modulated by the recent history of visuomotor coupling.","authors":"Baba Yogesh, Georg B Keller","doi":"10.24072/pcjournal.592","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visuomotor experience is necessary for the development of normal function of visual cortex (Attinger et al., 2017) and likely establishes a balance between movement-related predictions and sensory signals (Jordan and Keller, 2020). This process depends at least in part on plasticity in visual cortex (Widmer et al., 2022). Key signals involved in driving this plasticity are visuomotor prediction errors (Keller et al., 2012; Keller and Mrsic-Flogel, 2018). Ideally however, the amount of plasticity induced by an error signal should be a function of several variables - including the total prediction error across all of cortex at that moment, the animal's experience in the current environment or task, stability of the current environment, and task engagement - for optimal computational performance. Candidates for regulators of visuomotor prediction error driven plasticity are the three major neuromodulatory systems that innervate visual cortex in the mouse: acetylcholine, noradrenaline, and serotonin. While visuomotor mismatch acutely triggers activity in noradrenaline (Jordan and Keller, 2023) but not acetylcholine (Yogesh and Keller, 2023) axons in visual cortex, how serotonergic axons in cortex respond to visuomotor mismatch is unknown. Here, we characterized the activity of serotonergic axons in visual cortex (V1) and in area A24b, a motor cortical area in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), of awake head-fixed mice using two-photon calcium imaging. Our results reveal cortical region-specific responses to visuomotor stimuli in serotonergic axons, but no evidence of a response to visuomotor mismatch. However, average activity in serotonergic axons was modulated by the recent history of visuomotor coupling. We speculate that serotonin could function to regulate visuomotor plasticity as a function of the predictability of the environment with a slow integration time constant.</p>","PeriodicalId":74413,"journal":{"name":"Peer community journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7618003/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Peer community journal","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.24072/pcjournal.592","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Visuomotor experience is necessary for the development of normal function of visual cortex (Attinger et al., 2017) and likely establishes a balance between movement-related predictions and sensory signals (Jordan and Keller, 2020). This process depends at least in part on plasticity in visual cortex (Widmer et al., 2022). Key signals involved in driving this plasticity are visuomotor prediction errors (Keller et al., 2012; Keller and Mrsic-Flogel, 2018). Ideally however, the amount of plasticity induced by an error signal should be a function of several variables - including the total prediction error across all of cortex at that moment, the animal's experience in the current environment or task, stability of the current environment, and task engagement - for optimal computational performance. Candidates for regulators of visuomotor prediction error driven plasticity are the three major neuromodulatory systems that innervate visual cortex in the mouse: acetylcholine, noradrenaline, and serotonin. While visuomotor mismatch acutely triggers activity in noradrenaline (Jordan and Keller, 2023) but not acetylcholine (Yogesh and Keller, 2023) axons in visual cortex, how serotonergic axons in cortex respond to visuomotor mismatch is unknown. Here, we characterized the activity of serotonergic axons in visual cortex (V1) and in area A24b, a motor cortical area in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), of awake head-fixed mice using two-photon calcium imaging. Our results reveal cortical region-specific responses to visuomotor stimuli in serotonergic axons, but no evidence of a response to visuomotor mismatch. However, average activity in serotonergic axons was modulated by the recent history of visuomotor coupling. We speculate that serotonin could function to regulate visuomotor plasticity as a function of the predictability of the environment with a slow integration time constant.
视觉运动体验对于视觉皮层正常功能的发展是必要的(Attinger et al., 2017),并且可能在运动相关预测和感觉信号之间建立平衡(Jordan and Keller, 2020)。这个过程至少部分取决于视觉皮层的可塑性(Widmer et al., 2022)。驱动这种可塑性的关键信号是视觉运动预测误差(Keller et al., 2012;Keller and Mrsic-Flogel, 2018)。然而,理想情况下,由错误信号引起的可塑性应该是几个变量的函数——包括当时所有皮层的总预测误差、动物在当前环境或任务中的经验、当前环境的稳定性和任务参与度——以获得最佳的计算性能。视觉运动预测误差驱动的可塑性的候选调节因子是支配小鼠视觉皮层的三种主要神经调节系统:乙酰胆碱、去甲肾上腺素和血清素。虽然视觉运动错配会严重触发去甲肾上腺素(Jordan and Keller, 2023)而不是乙酰胆碱(Yogesh and Keller, 2023)视觉皮层轴突的活动,但皮层中5 -羟色胺能轴突对视觉运动错配的反应尚不清楚。在这里,我们利用双光子钙成像技术表征了清醒头固定小鼠视觉皮层(V1)和前扣带皮层(ACC)运动皮层A24b区5 -羟色胺能轴突的活性。我们的研究结果揭示了皮层区域对视觉运动刺激的特异性反应在5 -羟色胺能轴突,但没有证据表明对视觉运动不匹配的反应。然而,在5 -羟色胺能轴突的平均活动是由最近的视觉运动偶联的历史调节。我们推测血清素可以调节视运动可塑性,作为环境可预测性的函数,具有缓慢的整合时间常数。