Use of Illegally Manufactured Fentanyl in the United States: Current Trends.

IF 4.6 2区医学 Q1 SUBSTANCE ABUSE

Current Addiction Reports Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-29 DOI:10.1007/s40429-025-00625-y

Nicole D Fitzgerald, Joseph J Palamar, Linda B Cottler

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Purpose of review: As the overdose crisis evolves, it is important to monitor fentanyl consumption patterns. This review provides an overview of recent findings regarding illegally manufactured fentanyl (IMF) availability, use, and associated harms in the US.

Recent findings: Availability of IMF has increased, especially in pill form, and the increasing adulteration of IMF with veterinary tranquilizers such as xylazine complicates overdose response. Prevalence in the general population based on self-reported IMF use is rare, and likely underestimated. Transitions from injection to smoking have been documented in recent years, particularly in the western US. Fentanyl-stimulant polysubstance use has also been observed increasingly among IMF-related overdose deaths.

Summary: Shifts in routes of administration, availability of counterfeit pills containing fentanyl, and common adulterants add complexity to the landscape of IMF use and related harms. Additional data is needed for monitoring changes in consumption patterns to inform prevention and harm reduction efforts.

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非法制造芬太尼在美国的使用：当前趋势。

综述目的：随着过量危机的发展，监测芬太尼的消费模式非常重要。本综述概述了美国非法制造芬太尼（IMF）的可用性、使用和相关危害的最新发现。最近的发现：国际货币基金组织的可用性有所增加，特别是药丸形式，越来越多的国际货币基金组织掺入兽医镇静剂，如二甲肼，使过量反应复杂化。基于自我报告的IMF使用情况在普通人群中的流行程度很少见，而且可能被低估了。近年来，从注射到吸烟的转变已被记录在案，特别是在美国西部。在与货币基金组织有关的过量死亡中，也观察到越来越多的人使用芬太尼兴奋剂。摘要：给药途径的变化、含有芬太尼的假药的可获得性以及常见的掺假物质增加了IMF使用情况和相关危害的复杂性。需要更多的数据来监测消费模式的变化，以便为预防和减少危害的努力提供信息。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Current Addiction Reports Psychology-Clinical Psychology

CiteScore

6.60

自引率

4.70%

发文量

期刊介绍： This journal focuses on the prevention, assessment and diagnosis, and treatment of addiction. Designed for physicians and other mental health professionals who need to keep up-to-date with the latest research, Current Addiction Reports offers expert reviews on the most recent and important research in addiction. We accomplish this by appointing leaders in the field to serve as Section Editors in key subject areas and disciplines, such asAlcoholTobaccoStimulants, cannabis, and club drugsBehavioral addictionsGender disparities in addictionComorbid psychiatric disorders and addictionSubstance abuse disorders and HIVSection Editors, in turn, select the most pressing topics as well as experts to evaluate the latest research, report on any controversial discoveries or hypotheses of interest, and ultimately bring readers up-to-date on the topic. Articles represent interdisciplinary endeavors with research from fields such as psychiatry, psychology, pharmacology, epidemiology, and neuroscience.Additionally, an international Editorial Board—representing a range of disciplines within addiction medicine—ensures that the journal content includes current, emerging research and suggests articles of special interest to their country or region.