Caffeine, nicotine, cannabis, and psilocybin: Pharmacology, toxicology, and potential therapeutic uses of four naturally occurring psychoactive substances.

IF 1.9 4区 医学 Q2 MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL
Samuel E Christen, Elias Bekka, Yasmin Schmid, Neal L Benowitz, Evangelia Liakoni
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Psychoactive substances are compounds that can influence perception, consciousness, cognition, and emotions. The psychoactive substances caffeine, nicotine, cannabis, and psilocybin all originate from natural sources and can be used without complex processing or synthesis. Their natural availability has contributed to a long-standing history of human use and cultural significance. Caffeine and nicotine are freely available and commonly used as everyday stimulants, whereas psilocybin is more strictly regulated and cannabis has been legalised in some countries and regions. Some of these substances have been intensively studied, and their pharmacological and toxicological properties are well known, but ongoing research continues to investigate their therapeutic use for specific diseases and disorders. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the pharmacology and toxicology of these four naturally occurring psychoactive substances, including a summary of the currently available evidence on their therapeutic potential, health benefits, and associated risks.

咖啡因、尼古丁、大麻和裸盖菇素:四种天然精神活性物质的药理学、毒理学和潜在治疗用途。
精神活性物质是能够影响知觉、意识、认知和情绪的化合物。精神活性物质咖啡因、尼古丁、大麻和裸盖菇素都来自天然来源,无需复杂的加工或合成即可使用。它们的自然可得性促成了人类长期使用的历史和文化意义。咖啡因和尼古丁作为日常兴奋剂随处可见,而裸盖菇素受到更严格的监管,大麻在一些国家和地区已经合法化。其中一些物质已被深入研究,其药理学和毒理学特性已广为人知,但正在进行的研究仍在继续调查它们对特定疾病和失调的治疗用途。这篇叙述性综述旨在概述这四种天然存在的精神活性物质的药理学和毒理学,包括对其治疗潜力、健康益处和相关风险现有证据的总结。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Swiss medical weekly
Swiss medical weekly 医学-医学:内科
CiteScore
5.00
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
审稿时长
3-8 weeks
期刊介绍: The Swiss Medical Weekly accepts for consideration original and review articles from all fields of medicine. The quality of SMW publications is guaranteed by a consistent policy of rigorous single-blind peer review. All editorial decisions are made by research-active academics.
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