Does a heritable common latent factor explain body mass index, percent body fat, and waist circumference across childhood?

Abstract

Background/objectives: Empirical data consistently suggest high heritability estimates for adiposity, with heritability peaking during childhood. However, no study has considered the potentially shared genetic and environmental etiologies of the three most commonly used adiposity metrics - body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and percent body fat. We examined the genetic and environmental contributions to BMI, percent body fat, and waist circumference, and the extent to which their genetic and environmental variances overlap during middle childhood.

Subjects/methods: We examined the genetic and environmental contributions to BMI, percent body fat, and waist circumference in a community sample of twin children (N = 254-326 pairs; female=47.8-49.9%; Non-Hispanic White=51.9-59.5%, Hispanic=29.5-35.7%) studied at ages 8, 9, 10, and 11 years by comparing the fit of two models: the independent and common pathway models.

Results: The common pathway model yielded the most parsimonious fit, indicating that covariance between indicators was best represented by a single highly heritable common latent factor. This common factor explained 97-98% of the variance in BMI regardless of age, whereas indicator-specific genetic and environmental influences explained 10-17% of the variance in percent body fat and 14-29% of the variance in waist circumference.

Conclusions: Our findings support a highly heritable common adiposity factor for BMI, body fat, and waist circumference in a community sample of youth, and suggest that BMI is a useful measure of adiposity in large-scale epidemiological studies with limited resources in middle childhood. When resources permit, including other adiposity indicators such as percent body fat and waist circumference can provide more precise assessments for specific subgroups. Our study highlights the need for individualized approaches to managing childhood adiposity, recognizing the strong genetic component and the variability in how children respond to their environments. Theories of the etiology of childhood obesity should accommodate genetic influences to optimize prevention and intervention efforts.