Red flags of oral cancer: Unravelling the early symptoms – A literature review

Abstract

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a complex and insidious disease, often presenting with subtle symptoms that can be challenging to diagnose in its early stages. The oral cavity, comprising various heterogeneous subsites, poses a unique challenge in identifying malignant transformations due to its complex anatomy and the potential for asymptomatic presentations. The difficulty in distinguishing oral potentially malignant disorders or malignant lesions from benign ones through visual inspection alone highlights the need for heightened clinical vigilance. Despite the advances in medical knowledge and technology, oral cancer continues to have a poor prognosis when diagnosed at an advanced stage. This is partly due to the delayed recognition of early warning signs or “red flags,” which include persistent lesions, non-healing ulcers, unexplained lumps and other harbingers of disease. A comprehensive search of the existing literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases, focusing on studies and reviews related to the early detection and diagnosis of OSCC. The literature reveals a consistent theme: the early detection of OSCC depends on the clinician's meticulous attention to subtle lesions, increased patient awareness, and the screening of individuals at high risk. This review aims to elucidate the early symptoms of oral cancer, highlighting the critical red flags that should prompt immediate diagnostic workup. By improving the recognition of these early signs, we can potentially reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with oral cancer, ensuring better outcomes for patients.