Developing predictive models of riparian buffer efficacy with meta-analysis

Abstract

Riparian ecosystems have been extensively studied worldwide to determine the influence of buffer width on riparian-stream interactions, including water quality and biodiversity. Many recommendations have emerged from literature synthesis regarding the buffer widths necessary to conserve riparian functions. This study conducts a meta-analysis of buffer width efficacy, aiming to develop recommendations for protecting and restoring riparian areas. Existing studies reporting the effect of varying riparian buffer widths on water quality (i.e., pollutant retention) and biodiversity outcomes (i.e., relative species richness) were compiled. Results indicate a strong, significant positive correlation between buffer width and pollutant retention and by their constituents (n = 30 studies, p < 0.0001), with tree vegetation types and lower slopes increasing retention effectiveness. Biodiversity measures showed a moderate positive correlation with buffer width (n = 41, p < 0.0001). Based on logarithmic models of buffer efficacy, a 15 m corridor width retains 67 % of pollutant inputs from upland sources and supports about 79 % of the species richness compared to larger reference buffers. Most studies on water quality improvement focused on reducing nutrients and sediment loads, suggesting emergent pollutants (e.g., microplastics) as potential future research. Similarly, most biodiversity studies focused on invertebrate taxa, suggesting the need for diverse taxonomic studies. Overall, the meta-analysis concludes a strong positive correlation between buffer widths and improvements in water quality and biodiversity, underscoring the importance of functional riparian buffers. Through meta-regression, simple models are provided as a first-order tool for scientists and decision-makers to estimate effective riparian buffer widths.