Small Molecule–Degrader Conjugates: Evaluating the Structure–Activity Relationship of Linkers to Overcome In Vivo Barriers in PROTAC Delivery

Abstract

Precise control of proteolysis on target cells is important for proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTAC) to minimize off-tissue toxicities. Small-molecule ligand-guided PROTACs, namely, small molecule–degrader conjugates (SMDCs), offer many advantages, but some flaws in the previous designs, especially linker chemistry, cause a considerable defect in pharmacokinetics, which impedes in vivo applications. Here, we investigated the relationship of linker structures with in vivo factors, including serum stability, blood retention, controlled PROTAC release, targetability, and potency. Based on the structure–activity relationship (SAR) study, the cathepsin-responsive/carbamate linker bearing a long-circulating CBB protractor was developed to conjugate the cRGD peptide and GNE-987 PROTAC. This peptide-drug conjugate showed an excellent targeting capability, long-term stability, and favorable pharmacokinetics, which enabled the selective proteolysis of targets in an antigen-dependent manner and achieved a tumor growth arrest in vivo by a dose much lower than regular SMDCs and free PROTACs. Our results demonstrated that linker-optimized SMDC degraders can be promising modalities in precision medicine.