Unlocking low temperature-resistant lithium metal batteries: Mechanisms, challenges, AI and functional electrolytes design

Abstract

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) represent a viable substitute for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), particularly for next-generation electric vehicles (EVs), aerospace applications, and grid storage solutions. However, their application in low-temperature environments is significantly constrained by several issues, including sluggish ion transport, inadequate electrode kinetics, electrolyte freezing, lithium dendrite formation, and solid electrolyte interphase instability (SEI) variability. This study offers comprehensive and innovative analysis that integrates unique electrolyte design techniques and newly created AI-assisted models to tackle significant issues in low-temperature lithium metal batteries (LT-LMBs). This review explores the enhancement of LT-LMB performance by functional electrolytes through the facilitation of ion-conductive SEI, inhibition of lithium dendrite development, and reduction of adverse reactions. The study comprehensively examines the current research environment, including innovative electrolyte formulations, sophisticated characterization methods, and theoretical insights into innovative electrolyte-induced interfacial changes. The study also reviews AI models that facilitate the rapid operation of batteries employing low-temperature electrolytes for LMBs and their future potential. The research examines the limitations and problems of existing electrolyte functionalization technologies and potential future designs for high-performance LT-LMBs. This study thoroughly examines breakthroughs in low-temperature electrolytes and directs the progression of next-generation lithium metal batteries for practical use in challenging conditions.