A comprehensive review on poisonous mushrooms: The revolutionary potential of mycotoxins in medicine and beyond

IF 2.4 4区医学 Q2 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

Toxicon Pub Date : 2025-08-11 DOI:10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108538

Khemraj Sahu , Sajal Saju Deo , Shailesh Kumar Jadhav , Nagendra Kumar Chandrawanshi

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Abstract

Mushrooms are popular due to their significant health benefits. Globally, over 1,40,000 mushroom varieties, of which 5000 are toxic. Around 100 of these poisonous types account for most reported cases of mushroom poisoning. The accidental consumption of harmful mushrooms poses a significant threat to public health, particularly among indigenous communities that rely on wild mushroom gathering for sustenance. The situation is even more dire in India, where cases of mushroom poisoning often go unreported and ignored. This review focuses on various mycotoxins responsible for harmful consequences by closely examining the mushroom poisoning situation in the Indian subcontinent and globally. It highlights 110 poisonous mushroom species, their toxic compounds, confusion during mushroom gathering, the harmful impacts of mushroom poisoning, and the symptoms they cause in human health, as well as how mushroom mycotoxins could be utilized for the treatment of various diseases in the future. The review will aid in understanding mushrooms while reducing human fatalities and the category of poisonous species, which will open new avenues for pharmaceuticals in cancer treatment and drug development against multiple drug-resistant microbes.

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毒蘑菇的综合综述：真菌毒素在医学及其他领域的革命性潜力

蘑菇因其显著的健康益处而广受欢迎。全球有超过14000种蘑菇，其中5000种有毒。大多数报告的蘑菇中毒病例中，大约有100种有毒类型。意外食用有害蘑菇对公众健康构成重大威胁，特别是在依靠采集野生蘑菇为生的土著社区。印度的情况更糟糕，蘑菇中毒的案例经常没有报道和被忽视。本综述通过仔细检查印度次大陆和全球的蘑菇中毒情况，重点介绍了导致有害后果的各种真菌毒素。它重点介绍了110种有毒的蘑菇，它们的有毒化合物，蘑菇采集过程中的混乱，蘑菇中毒的有害影响，以及它们对人体健康造成的症状，以及如何利用蘑菇真菌毒素治疗各种疾病。这项审查将有助于了解蘑菇，同时减少人类死亡人数和有毒物种的类别，这将为癌症治疗和针对多种耐药微生物的药物开发开辟新的途径。

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来源期刊

Toxicon 医学-毒理学

CiteScore

4.80

自引率

10.70%

发文量

358

审稿时长

68 days

期刊介绍： Toxicon has an open access mirror Toxicon: X, sharing the same aims and scope, editorial team, submission system and rigorous peer review. An introductory offer Toxicon: X - full waiver of the Open Access fee. Toxicon''s "aims and scope" are to publish: -articles containing the results of original research on problems related to toxins derived from animals, plants and microorganisms -papers on novel findings related to the chemical, pharmacological, toxicological, and immunological properties of natural toxins -molecular biological studies of toxins and other genes from poisonous and venomous organisms that advance understanding of the role or function of toxins -clinical observations on poisoning and envenoming where a new therapeutic principle has been proposed or a decidedly superior clinical result has been obtained. -material on the use of toxins as tools in studying biological processes and material on subjects related to venom and antivenom problems. -articles on the translational application of toxins, for example as drugs and insecticides -epidemiological studies on envenoming or poisoning, so long as they highlight a previously unrecognised medical problem or provide insight into the prevention or medical treatment of envenoming or poisoning. Retrospective surveys of hospital records, especially those lacking species identification, will not be considered for publication. Properly designed prospective community-based surveys are strongly encouraged. -articles describing well-known activities of venoms, such as antibacterial, anticancer, and analgesic activities of arachnid venoms, without any attempt to define the mechanism of action or purify the active component, will not be considered for publication in Toxicon. -review articles on problems related to toxinology. To encourage the exchange of ideas, sections of the journal may be devoted to Short Communications, Letters to the Editor and activities of the affiliated societies.