Socio-environmental factors and organized criminal networks influencing maritime crime dynamics in Nigeria's Niger Delta

Abstract

The persistent challenges of environmental harm and economic hardship in Nigeria’s Niger Delta have fostered conditions that enable diverse forms of maritime crime and community unrest. This study employs a parallel convergent mixed-methods research design to examine the interplay of environmental degradation, socio-economic marginalization, and maritime crime in Nigeria’s Niger Delta. Questionnaire, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data on environmental degradation, socio-economic marginalization, and maritime crime in the Niger Delta. Maritime crime types experienced by respondents and/or their family members were analysed using percentages. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to analyse underlying latent factors that explain the correlations among maritime crime types, while the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity were used to provide critical insights of the data’s suitability for PCA. Findings reveal sea robbery (34.52 %) and inter-communal violence (30.11 %) as dominant crimes, while kidnapping (5.39 %) and oil bunkering (23.13 %) underscore economic desperation. Finding from the PCA identifies three latent factors: (1) socio-environmental grievances (sea robbery, oil violence, waste dumping), (2) economic exploitation (kidnapping, bunkering, trafficking), and (3) protest-driven vandalism linked to unemployment and resource neglect. The community based findings contextualize these patterns, highlighting how oil spills, flooding, and government neglect fuel cycles of poverty, environmental harm, and criminal resistance. Respondents attribute pipeline vandalism and piracy to “survival strategies” amid degraded livelihoods. The study emphasizes the need for multidimensional policies addressing root causes such as environmental restoration, youth employment, and equitable resource governance to disrupt crime networks.