Fungi-mediated nanomaterials: Advances, synthesis pathways, and limitations

Abstract

Myconanotechnology involves the utilisation of fungi for the biosynthesis of nanomaterials within the size range of 1–100 nm. The bioactive compounds released by fungi act as reducing or capping agents in nanomaterial synthesis. Fungal-mediated nanomaterials have gained attention owing to their sustainable, efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly nature. The present paper discusses the use of fungi in the fabrication of metallic nanoparticles, quantum dots, and nanocomposites. It further provides a detailed examination of the synthesis mechanism, including an in-depth discussion of various synthesis routes and the factors influencing nanomaterial properties. The limitations and challenges of nanomaterials and their toxicity to human health and the ecosystem are critically analysed. The need for a regulatory framework for the environmental release and upscaling potential of mycogenic nanomaterials is also highlighted.